Category: Couples Therapy

Keeping or Ending Commitments, Excerpted from The Ethical Lives of Clients: Transcending Self-Interest in Psychotherapy

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Keeping or Ending Commitments

A life without interpersonal commitments is a life untethered. Notice that I did not say a life without “relationships,” which can be fleeting. Commitment comes with obligations and an open timeline. It often involves sacrificing immediate needs. The person I am permanently committed to knows I’m invested in their well-being and makes life plans accordingly. However, if I’m in an intimate relationship that does not involve a permanent commitment, all I owe the other person is a respectful goodbye if I’m ready to move on. The same for most friendships: I don’t owe friends years of hard work (and maybe therapy) to maintain a relationship that has become hurtful for an extended time. In other words, committed relationships have an ethical dimension that simply being in a relationship does not. In the world of therapy, we have barely begun to take the ethics of commitment seriously as we work with our clients. To make this point more charitably: the therapy literature is rarely explicit about the moral dimension of commitment in how we work with clients in relationship difficulty. (There is scholarly work outside of therapy on interpersonal commitment—for example, Stanley, 2005, and Tran et al., 2019.). In this chapter, I focus on how therapists can support (and how they sometimes inadvertently undermine) commitment in two important relationships: marriage (by which I mean a lifelong, intimate relationship) and adult relationships with their parents (particularly as the parents become frail).

Therapy and Marital Commitment

Shortly after I finished writing Soul Searching in 1995, the therapy blind spot with the ethics of commitment came home to me in the form of stories I received from married people who were close to me. In telling their stories, which they gave me permission to do, I am aware that it’s possible that they misunderstood their therapists or did not recall the details correctly. However, they are all credible people to me, and their stories fit a pattern I have heard from many clients over the years about their experiences in therapy. This pattern includes stories from fellow therapists about their experience as clients. In other words, although I can’t vouch for the accuracy of any particular story, I can be confident in the overall trend.

Monica, a relative of mine, called from another city to say that she was stunned when Rob, her husband of 18 years, announced that he was having an affair with her best friend and wanted an “open marriage.”(1) When a shocked Monica refused to consider this alteration in their marriage, Rob bolted from the house and was found the next day wandering in a nearby wood. After 2 weeks in a psychiatric hospital for acute psychotic depression, he was released to outpatient treatment. Although during his hospitalization, he claimed that he wanted a divorce, his therapist urged him not to make any major decisions until he was feeling better. Meanwhile, Monica was beside herself with grief, fear, and anger. She had two young children to care for, a demanding job, and a chronic illness diagnosed 12 months before this crisis. Indeed, Rob had never been able to cope with her diagnosis or with his job loss 6 months after that.

Clearly, this couple had been through huge stresses in the past year, including a relocation to a different city where they had no support systems in place. Rob was acting in a completely uncharacteristic way for a former straight-arrow man with strong religious and moral values. Monica was now depressed, agitated, and confused. She sought out recommendations to find the best psychotherapist available in her city. He turned out to be a highly regarded clinical psychologist. Rob was continuing in individual outpatient psychotherapy while living alone in an apartment. He still wanted a divorce.

As Monica recounted the story, her therapist, after two sessions of assessment and crisis intervention, suggested that she pursue the divorce that Rob said he wanted. She resisted, pointing out that this was a long-term marriage with young children and that she was hoping that the real Rob would reemerge from his midlife crisis. She suspected that the affair with her friend would be short-lived (which it was). She was angry and terribly hurt, she said, but determined not to give up on an 18-year marriage after one month of hell. The therapist, according to Monica, interpreted her resistance to “moving on with her life” as stemming from her inability to “grieve” the end of her marriage. He then connected this inability to grieve to the loss of her father when Monica was a small child; Monica’s difficulty in letting go of a failed marriage stemmed from unfinished mourning from the death of a parent.

Fortunately, Monica had the strength to fire the therapist. Not many clients would be able to do that, especially in the face of such expert pathologizing of their moral commitment. I was able to get her and Rob to a good marital therapist who saw them through their crisis and onward to a recovered and ultimately healthier marriage.

In another case close to home for me, Jessie, a friend of my family, emailed me upset when her new counselor, whom she was seeing for depression and complaints about her marriage of less than a year, suggested that she consider a trial separation from her husband because an unhappy (but not highly conflicted) marriage was keeping her from feeling better. Jessie recounted the exchange: when she told her counselor that she was committed to her husband, the therapist kept repeating that she may not be happy again if she stayed in this marriage and that a “break” might help her. Upset with this counselor, Jessie turned to her priest, who also stunned her by suggesting that if her marriage problems were causing her depression, he could help her get an annulment, given the newness of the marriage. As with Monica, Jessie turned to me to ask whether this kind of undermining intervention was common in the field—and what she should do next.

In another example, the anxious wife of a verbally abusive husband who was not dealing well with his Parkinson’s disease reported that she was told at the end of the first therapy session in her HMO, which offered only brief therapy, that her husband would never change and that she would either have to live with the abuse or get out.(2) She was grievously offended that this young therapist was so cavalier about her commitment to a man she had loved for 40 years and who was now infirm with Parkinson’s disease. She came to me to find a way to end the verbal abuse while salvaging her marriage. When I invited her husband to join us, he turned out to be more flexible than the other therapist had imagined. He, too, was committed to his marriage, and he needed his wife immensely. That was the leverage, along with a change in medications, for him to start treating her better.

One of my students experienced serious postpartum depressions after the births of her two children. She told me that both of the therapists she had seen at different times challenged her about why she stayed married to a husband who did not understand her needs. (Her husband was befuddled by his wife’s moods and sometimes became impatient with her, but he was not, according to my student, a mean-spirited man). In the first session, one therapist said in a challenging tone of voice, “I can’t believe you are still married.” Although it’s fully possible that my student invited these responses by potent criticisms of her husband, it’s the job of a therapist to hold the presenting sentiments of a depressed, postpartum client with a degree of caution before giving advice about ending a marriage. However, as Schwartz (2005) observed, because of our empathic engagement, therapists are “powerfully drawn to our patient’s point of view in their assessment of others” (p. 276).

A final illustration involves a friend who went to a well-regarded therapist for his depression. After a number of months, the therapist requested that his wife come to a session. The following week after the conjoint session, the therapist recommended that, on the basis of what she had observed and heard from the client, he consider divorcing his wife. My friend responded emphatically that divorce was not on the table for him and that he loved his wife and was committed to her. The therapist persisted, maintaining that his marriage problems were complicating his depression. My friend pushed back even harder: “There is not an ounce of interest in my body for divorcing my wife.” The therapist’s final words were, “I’m just asking you to think about it.” As in the other stories, my friend contacted me for help in understanding what had just happened, wondering whether this was standard care in the field. In this case, part of his confusion was that he felt he had received excellent treatment from a therapist he had sought out because of her strong reputation. How could a therapist who seemed so thoughtful and skilled in treating his depression be so clueless and undermining when it came to his commitment to his marriage?

Why Many Therapists Approach Marital Commitment This Way

These illustrations should not be dismissed as examples of random bad therapy or incompetent therapists—or just the biased recollections of the clients. (As I said, although no doubt clients sometimes misinterpret their therapists, when similar stories come up repeatedly, including from colleagues as clients, they cannot be dismissed.) In my view, these stories reveal the challenge for many therapists of how to think about and address clients’ life commitments in situations when those committed relationships are sources of pain and distress. It’s not that therapists deliberately undermine marriages; the rub comes when the marriage seems to be harming their client or keeping them from achieving their therapeutic goals. As I have repeatedly argued, when we lack a way to think about ethical issues in everyday life, we fall back on the mainstream cultural priority of individual self-interest. We challenge clients to privilege their immediate self-interest over relational commitments. This looks like neutrality, but it’s a heavily value-laden stance, one the therapist is usually not conscious of holding in an individualistic culture.

I was not immune to this way of working as a young therapist. I learned to treat the divorce decision with what I thought was neutrality. I remember working with Mary Ann, a 35-year-old woman in an unhappy marriage who wanted individual help to decide whether to keep working to change her marriage or end it.(3) She and her husband had two small children. This was the height of the divorce boom in the 1970s, and a number of her friends had recently left their husbands. Mary Ann felt stifled in a bland relationship with a man who didn’t connect with her emotionally in the way she wanted and who expected her to do the lion’s share of the parenting and housework, along with her part-time job. Sound familiar as a marital complaint? As I sat with her, I realized that I’d never been taught how to work with someone on the brink of divorce. My training in marriage therapy started with the assumption that both parties wanted to stay together, at least for the time being. My training in individual therapy had taught me that my job was to help my clients clarify their feelings, needs, and goals and then make their own decisions without my values and viewpoints getting in the way.

So, I did a kind of rational-choice consultation with Mary Ann, helping her clarify what she’d gain or lose personally from her decision. “How would your life improve from leaving your marriage,” I asked, and “What might it cost you to leave?” I asked the same about staying: “What are the pluses and minuses of remaining in the marriage?” (I was studying statistics at the time and even imagined a two-by-two contingency table!) When she worried aloud about the effects of a divorce on her kids, I responded, “The kids will be fine if you’re happy with your decision.” Mary Ann ultimately decided to file for divorce and start a new life.

Even at the time, I felt odd about treating this client’s dilemma as if it were a decision that only affected her. And I felt sad that another not-so-bad marriage was biting the dust. Not that I’d have admitted this to a supervisor or peer, because a hallmark of a good therapist in my circles was to be cool about the rash of divorces we were seeing among our clients and peers. No one wanted to come across as a moralistic marriage saver. Divorce was a hard-won right and a legally supported, no-fault personal choice. At this point in the early 1980s, Putnam (2020) observed that “expressive individualism framed marriage as a limited liability contract dissolvable with a ‘no fault divorce’—‘expressive divorce’” (p. 152). The common wisdom was that a therapist should not get too involved beyond clarifying the options and supporting the client’s autonomy.

Looking back, I’m struck by my naiveté about what’s involved in leaving a marriage, especially one with children, and my innocence about my lack of influence on the outcome. Like most people facing this decision, Mary Ann was caught in a morass of ambivalent feelings and values. (Harris et al., 2017, documented the volatile ups and downs of divorce decision making). She’d made a lifelong commitment to her husband and now was considering withdrawing it. She wondered whether her expectations for this husband, or any husband, were realistic. She hadn’t done much psychological work on herself and didn’t have an idea of what good marriage therapy might accomplish. She worried about her economic future, and she was deeply concerned about the effect of a divorce on her children, who’d lose their daily connection to their father, take a financial hit, and face a series of substantial life changes. She also believed that her parents and friends would be shocked and upset with her if she left the marriage.

Mary Ann’s journey toward her decision was, like most people’s, highly unstable and marked by ambivalence (National Divorce Decision-Making Project, 2015; Vaughn, 1990). But despite this instability and the high stakes, I treated her as if she were thinking of changing jobs from Walmart to Target: what does each company offer you, and what would be the downside of staying or switching jobs? And, by the way, you owe nothing to your current employer as you make this decision. Maybe her choice of divorce was the best one, and maybe she would have made the same choice regardless of how I’d worked with her. But she deserved a complex therapy to match the complexity of her dilemma, not an oversimplified, “neutral” therapy that failed to engage both sides of her ethical dilemma. Her husband, children, and future grandchildren also deserved better from me. As the novelist Pat Conroy (1978) famously wrote, “Each divorce is the death of a small civilization.”

As therapists, we are midwives for relational deaths and rebirths, the shattering and rebuilding of committed intimate relationships that are at the heart of human experience. But you won’t find much training, writing, or even conversation among therapists about how we handle these moments in therapy. The result is that we’re each left to make things up on our own, mostly using the implicit ethical norms embedded in our culture and profession.

Adults’ Commitments to their Parents

Riding in an elevator once in Singapore, I saw a sign for one of the floors of the government center labeled something like “Parent Court.” When I inquired, I learned that it was a place where parents who felt neglected by their adult children could seek the help of the court to enforce filial obligations. I knew I wasn’t in Kansas anymore! In the United States and similar Western countries, adult children have no legal obligations to care for their parents (just as the parents have no legal obligations to their children when they turn 18). Adult familial relationships are voluntary in the ethical realm, not the legal one.

The field of psychotherapy has been hard on parents from the beginning, seeing them as primary sources of the pathologies in their offspring. Whether it’s toilet training in traditional Freudian theory or inadequate attachment bonds and authoritarian or permissive discipline in contemporary models, there are plenty of parent deficiencies to sort through with clients in therapy. However, I suspect that the working assumption among therapists was that you could work to recover from poor parenting in the past while still having a relationship with your parents in the present. That began to change in the 1980s with the rise of cultural interest in “the dysfunctional family,” including intrafamilial sexual abuse and codependency on problematic parents and other family members (Bass & Davis, 1988). Parents were not just toxic influences from the past; they were continuing to harm their adult offspring in the present. What’s more, they could be a threat to their grandchildren.

From the mid-1980s through at least the mid-1990s, many therapists joined the recovered memories movement in the field, believing without evidence, for example, in the near pervasiveness of multiple personality disorder brought on by intrafamilial sexual abuse (Acocella, 1999). I recall case consultations where therapists, again without evidence, said that 90% of women with bulimia had a history of incest in their families. The next wave was about the since-discredited claim of widespread satanic ritual abuse of babies and children. The upshot was a wave of therapist-encouraged cut- offs from parents and often from other family members who did not accept the claim of that abuse. Parents would receive “goodbye” letters, crafted with the encouragement of therapists, from their adult children, especially their daughters, who were more apt than their sons to be in psychotherapy. Our field got caught up in a huge wave of cultural negativity about family life (Wylie, 1993).

Eventually, there was a cultural pushback, highlighted by a New Yorker article and subsequent book by investigative journalist Lawrence Wright (1994) on satanic cult accusations and an acclaimed PBS Frontline episode, “Divided Memories” (Bikel, 1995), which featured a high-profile therapy clinic where nearly all clients were encouraged to achieve the goal of “detachment” by cutting off from their parents and, in some cases, from their spouses and even their children while they recovered their sense of self. In these and other cases around the country, the therapists involved were proud of their work and had a theoretical model behind it (if no research data). After successful lawsuits ensued, therapists quietly abandoned their practice of suggesting family abuse via recovered memories, and they stopped taking as accurate the notion of large numbers of dead babies as a result of satanic cult abuse.

But the idea of a therapeutic cutoff from parents (and siblings who ally with the parents) had been loosed in the field and continues in practice and books by therapists for the lay public, such as Campbell’s (2019) But It’s Your Family…: Cutting Ties With Toxic Family Members and Loving Yourself in the Aftermath. That author described in detail how she came to cut off all contact with her pathological father and mother, and she urged the same for her readers after they evaluated whether the criteria she offered fit their parents.

In the mid-1990s, as my own children were entering college, I gave a presentation to a group of college counselors that included interns and staff. The topic was the value of seeing college students as members of families instead of just as emancipated individuals. I will never forget an exchange with a junior staff therapist who asked, “Aren’t there times when the student’s family is so toxic, not only in the past but also still now, that it’s best that the student break off a relationship with them?” I replied that I had seen some tragic cases where the past abuse was not only denied but also continued with intensity and that in those cases, it can be useful for a young person to take a time-out from connecting with family. Then I thought to ask, “I’m curious. For what percentage of your caseload do you believe a family cutoff would be called for?” I froze in my chair when he said, “Maybe 40%.” The chill I felt was that I was soon to launch my oldest child to college—what if he developed emotional problems and saw this therapist? No one present offered a counterview, and we moved on after I mumbled something about this not being my experience. In retrospect, I wish I had challenged him about how he came to his perspective. It was a failure of nerve on my part that I vowed never to repeat.

I have heard many clients report encouragement by therapists to end relationships with parents and other family members, and I’ve seen this in my extended family. These days, whenever I hear about a definitive cutoff from family, I ask whether there is a therapist in the picture. To be clear, I believe that these therapists want to help their clients avoid unnecessary emotional pain by encouraging them to exit relationships that continue to cause this pain. It’s not that therapists hate families or that there are never situations that call for a strategic time away from abusive family members (in my mind, always with the hope for later reconciliation). Rather, these therapeutic interventions reflect a cultural orientation where all relationships are transactional—what is the benefit I am gaining versus the cost to my well-being? If the relative psychological cost of maintaining a family relationship is too high, the healthy thing to do is to end it. I later return to the case of Laura, whose story opened this book on the note of adult commitment to a difficult parent. Here I just note that Laura told me that she had several therapist friends who encouraged her to “ditch” her mother. Missing here are two ideas: first, that parent–child bonds are not psychologically disposable—they go on until the death of the parent and beyond—and second, that there is an ethical dimension to the parent–child (and other family) relationship. A permanent cutoff means that adult children have no moral obligation to respond to their parents’ current needs and the eventual frailty and end of life. These two levels—psychological and ethical— go together. Like it or not, we are emotionally tethered to our parents and they to their adult children. Therapists come and go, but not parents. As I’ve heard the psychologist Mary Pipher (2008) say, “Nobody calls out for their therapist on their deathbed” (p. 2).

I don’t have a one-size-fits-all formula for obligations to parents, especially when the parents are in need of support and help. There are so many factors, including the history of the relationship. Obligation to a parent who abandoned you at birth and has now reentered your life wanting support will look different from obligation to a parent who has shown consistent care and support over the years. How much to be involved personally, with openness and vulnerability, with a frail or dying parent will depend on how much emotional safety there is in the relationship. Then there is the complex issue of what forms of help are, well, helpful. As asked earlier in this book, when is taking a parent home to one’s own house the best decision for all concerned versus placing the parent in a care facility? Culture comes into play here: in some cultures, an out-of-home placement is seen as an act of cruelty, while in others, is it considered loving when done at the right time. My main point here is that the job of the therapist is to help the client navigate these difficult waters, discerning the interests of the self, parent, one’s spouse and children, and others. Moral foundation theory can help to sensitize us to competing ethical intuitions: care/harm, fairness/reciprocity, and respect for authority seem particularly relevant here. Good ethical consultation does not mean that the therapist has the answers but that the therapist honors the client’s commitment to parents in light of all the other factors involved.

The Craft of Ethical Consultation about Commitment

I use the LEAP-C (listen, explore, affirm, offer perspective, challenge) skills to demonstrate strategies for ethical consultation when commitment to a marriage or a parent relationship is on the table—that is, when a client is struggling about staying in a marriage or about cutting off or withdrawing support from a parent in need.

Listen

Listen for the ethical part of the client’s decision making. For marriage, it might be a dilemma over personal happiness versus the original commitment or the needs of the children. For adults with their parents, it might come out in the form of the client’s guilt, sometimes accompanied with resentment, over not doing enough for one’s parent. As with all forms of listening in ethical consultation, it’s important to give a full hearing to both sides of the dilemma and to how the client is expressing a number of moral intuitions in light of their life experience and their culture, including intuitions such as authority and loyalty that do not come readily to mind for a Western therapist. In Laura’s situation with her challenging, soon-to-be-frail mother, I listened carefully to her ambivalent feelings and thoughts: on the one hand, self-protective ones for herself in the face of current and future burdens (the current one focused on her mother’s criticisms, and the future one added caregiving) and, on the other hand, a sense that it would be wrong to cut off her mother. Her friends were listening mainly to the self-protective side of her ambivalence. Laura said she came to me for therapy because she believed I would also listen to the other side.

Explore

The nuances emerge during exploration. For parent dilemmas, these include the quality of the relationship now and in the past, the possibility of manipulation versus genuine need, the availability of other caregivers such as siblings, and the resources of the client to help the parent in light of other obligations. Often a decision will emerge from this exploration, one that the client can live with in terms of resolving the tension between personal needs and responsibility for parents.

For Laura, the exploration revealed the details underlying her sense that she could not just walk away from her mother: it didn’t seem right as the only child of a widowed parent. But she also lived with an emotional burden of listening to her mother’s weekly phone monologues about how others don’t treat her fairly, including her daughter. Her mother also offered critiques of Laura’s mothering (those hurt the most). I especially paid attention to how the client responded to her mother on these calls, uncovering how passive and annoyed she would become but not set limits. This exploration opened up possibilities for her to remain regularly in her mother’s life while building healthier boundaries.

In terms of marital commitment, the following is a series of exploratory questions that I developed for a specialized approach to couples work called discernment counseling, where at least one spouse is considering ending the marriage (Doherty & Harris, 2017):

  • What has happened to your marriage that has gotten you to the point where you are considering divorce? Notice that this is not framed as “What are the problems?” or “Why are you unhappy?” but in terms of the marriage being a major part of the client’s life that is now under question.
  • What have you or your spouse done to try to repair the relationship—to fix the problems before you got to the point where divorce is on the table? This question carries the assumption that marital commitment is worth an effort to find a way to maintain—the relationship deserves repair attempts if it’s broken.
  • What role, if any, do your children play in your decision making about the future of your marriage? This delicately crafted question brings the needs of the children into the conversation in a way that gives the client space to respond in a variety of ways.
  • What were the best of times in your relationship since the time you met— the times you had the most connection and joy? This question brings clients back to what they used to love about their spouse and what led to their original commitment.

The point behind questions like these is to show that exploring ethical dilemmas over commitment can involve more than “tell me about both sides of your struggle.” There are lots of nuances and often more than two stakeholders— for example, third parties such as children who will be affected by the decision. Laura, for example, weighed the effect of a parental cutoff on her children, who would grow up without contact with the grandmother.

Affirm

Affirming involves acknowledging and supporting the client’s ethical commitments. In Laura’s case, I explicitly affirmed her moral sense that she should not take her therapist friend’s advice to “dump” her mother like a bad boyfriend. I used words like these: “I appreciate that you want to do right by your mother even though she’s a difficult mother. It’s not easy, but you’ve decided it’s important that you stay in her life, especially at this time when she’s pretty much alone.” Laura sat up straighter in her chair and said, “Right. That’s the path I have chosen. Now I want to figure out how to do this and keep my sanity.”

Affirmations on divorce decisions are trickier because of the inherent volatility involved for many clients in coming to a conclusion. When clients bring up their ethical concerns, say, about their marriage vows or the children, I affirm them without suggesting that those concerns are determinative—they don’t necessarily mean staying in the marriage. It’s just that commitment has an important role in the decision. In contrast to how I used to dismiss these concerns, I’ve learned to simply acknowledge and accept them with language such as “I appreciate that you are taking seriously your original commitment to your marriage; leaving is not something you take lightly,” or “I hear your concerns about the children, and I’m glad you are taking these concerns seriously. There is a lot at stake all around.” By the way, many older clients with adult children and grandchildren are concerned about hurting these stakeholders. I affirm that concern as well. And, of course, I affirm the client’s right to think about their pain and harm to self from staying in a bad marriage and their concerns that a highly conflicted marriage can also be harmful to the children. That’s why it’s an ethical dilemma: there are legitimate needs and claims in tension.

Perspective

As mentioned, it’s often not necessary to share one’s perspective on an ethical dilemma because clients sort out how to proceed with the help of the listening, exploring, and affirming skills. In situations when commitment is in play, however, clients can often benefit from the therapist’s perspective on how to have a healthy, satisfying life while maintaining commitments to others, such as a difficult spouse or a burdensome parent. Self-sacrifice for the sake of ethical commitments can be difficult to sustain and, in some cases, may not be healthy or wise (as with an abusive spouse who will not seek help).

In the case of Laura, I shared a perspective this way:

ME: I hear you on your desire to be a supportive daughter to your mother—saying goodbye to her is not an option for you. Now let’s talk about how you can support her in a way that’s healthy for you. The current situation is not working: you feel burdened by her weekly calls, stressed for a day beforehand, and upset for a day or more afterward. You go through the week with negative thoughts about her and then feel guilty for being so negative. Do I have that right?

LAURA: Yes, exactly.

ME: So, your bind is that you don’t feel like a good daughter when you are in touch with her, and you would not feel like a good daughter if you abandon her. [Notice that I used explicitly ethical language— “good daughter”—because the client had been using that kind of language. I did not substitute nonethical language such as “responsive” or “measuring up”].

LAURA: Oh, my, yes!

ME: So, let’s think together about two things: what might be going on for your mother that she acts this way and how you can learn a healthier way to interact with her. Right now, it doesn’t seem as if you have good boundaries with her on the calls—you let her go on and on, and when she criticizes you as a mother, you’ve said you defend yourself and feel angry at her. My idea is that we would work to find a way for you to have healthy boundaries with your mother on these calls so that you feel you are there for her and protecting yourself at the same time. And by the way, it’s not healthy for your mother when she treats you poorly. So, a better-boundaried relationship would be good for both of you.

Here, I was offering a perspective on how Laura could take care of herself and her mother at the same time. Over the course of our work, she did find helpful ways to listen to her mother’s complaints about her life while at the same time setting firm limits when her mother started to offer personal criticism of Laura’s mothering. All of this was standard therapy work on my part. The point of emphasis for present purposes is that I framed this, in part, as ethical work, a way to resolve a moral challenge for the client who had wondered whether it was unhealthy of her not to walk away from her mother as others, including her therapist friends, had advised her.

In terms of offering perspective on divorce decisions, a key is to honor both sides of the ethical dilemma in two main ways:

  • Normalize the dilemma. It’s hard to know the right decision when dealing with ongoing personal suffering and hopelessness in a marriage, along with struggles about abandoning one’s commitment and putting one’s children at risk. And most people go up and down in their decision making.
  • Share concerns. When a client seems to be making an impulsive decision to divorce (say, right after learning of a spouse’s affair), the therapist can share some general wisdom about the value of slowing down in making a lifetime decision. I like to use the phrase of a wise collaborative divorce lawyer: “Divorce is never an emergency; it takes months to play out.” A separation can be an emergency decision when there is threat and risk, but deciding to divorce rarely has to be done immediately and in emotional turmoil. Another example of perspective is when a client seems to be downplaying a future consequence of a divorce. I recall a married man who thought that his adult children would readily accept his lover (because she was such a great person) if he ended the marriage to be with her. I offered an alternative perspective so that he could be more realistic in his decision making: the likelihood of resentment from his children, at least for some time. A final example was a client in a volatile marriage who said that he could just stay away from his wife until the last child left home in 6 years. I offered that I’ve seen this work sometimes for couples who already have a lot of distance and little conflict, but I wasn’t sure it would be feasible in his more engaged, high-conflict relationship, especially if it was his unilateral decision to stay married but be functionally single.

Challenge

To discuss challenges in intergenerational commitments, I switch to parent-to-child commitment because it’s more commonly needed there. Recall my discussion in the Introduction about Bruce, who was about to move away and abandon his children after his wife kicked him out of the house. When I asked him the exploratory questions of how he thought leaving his children would affect them, he replied, “I’m sure it will bother them for a while, but they’ll get over it before long.” Given the urgency of the risk (Bruce had come to what he said was a final session to wrap up our work before he left town), I decided to immediately challenge him with these blunt words: “I don’t think so. Walking out of their lives will affect them for a long time, even permanently.” Bruce soberly replied, “I know you’re right.” I asked why he thought what I said was right. “They will feel hurt and not understand why this happened. You know, I left my daughter in California the same way, and I think about how it affected her. I don’t want to do that again, but I don’t know if I can go back to that house and see my wife, not in the state that I’m in.” Bruce and I were now in accord that he wanted to keep his commitment to his kids. Our work now was to figure out how to do this while maintaining his fragile emotional equilibrium.

Ethical challenges require a caring relationship so that they don’t come across as judgmental. I recall a divorced father who learned that his 7-year-old son was calling his new stepfather “Dad.” My client felt terribly hurt and replaced. I empathized with his feelings. Then he told me that he had told his son that day that if he ever heard that he was calling his stepfather “Dad,” he would never see the child again. I was shocked and worried for the child, but I held on to the craft of ethical consultation by first connecting with my client:

ME: Joe, I know you are in a lot of pain about your divorce and scared to death about losing your kids’ love and affection. And I know that you would never intentionally harm your children. [Slight pause] I also have to tell you that what you said to Bobby probably hurt and wounded him and left him fearing that he could lose you. You are the only father he has, and he should not have to live with the fear that if he slips and calls someone “Dad,” he will lose you forever.

JOE: [Looking worried] Do you think he could feel that way? I just wanted to get through to him about me being the only one he calls Dad.

ME: I’m really worried for him right now. That was a big threat you made to him.

JOE: I can see it now. I was beside myself upset, and I took it out on him. What do I do now?

We went on to discuss how he could repair what he had done, beginning with contacting his son right after our session. We went over the words he could use to apologize and offer reassurance that his commitment was forever and not contingent on something his son would say.

Most therapists would be with me in cases of parent commitment to young children: ethical challenges can be appropriate there. When it comes to marital commitment, many therapists take a neutral stance on whether clients divorce and would be reluctant to go beyond sharing perspectives for the client to accept or not (Wall et al., 1999). My view is that while there can be good reasons to let go of a marital commitment, it’s a weighty ethical decision because it affects the welfare of at least one other person who made life decisions based on an expectation of continued commitment, and usually, there are additional stakeholders such as children and extended family members. Therefore, I am willing to challenge clients when I believe they are not including concern for other stakeholders in their decision making. Keep in mind that challenge generally only comes after using the other skills of listening, exploring, affirming, and offering perspective. Here are some examples:

  • Challenging a client to seek couples therapy. “I’m concerned that you are leaving your marriage without seeing whether it could become healthy again through good couples therapy.”
  • Challenging a client to let a spouse know the marriage is on the brink. “I realize you don’t think your spouse can change. Maybe so, maybe not. What I want to challenge you about is not signaling to her that you are so unhappy that you are considering divorce. It seems to me that she is owed a chance to see whether she wants to make changes that might preserve the marriage. She’s flying blind now.”
  • Challenging a client about ending a good-enough marriage when the client is depressed or in personal crisis. This challenge can take two forms: appealing to self-interest (“I’m worried that you will do something that you will regret when you are in a better emotional place”) and appealing to the interests of others (“This decision is going to affect a whole lot of people, such as your kids, and I’m worried that it’s hard for you to fully consider those consequences when you are feeling the way you do. You could look back with regret about the fallout”).

I end this chapter’s discussion of ethical commitment with words I wrote in Soul Searching:

Our therapy caseloads are like Shakespearean dramas suffused with moral passion and moral dilemmas. But we have been trained to see Romeo and Juliet only as star-struck, tragic lovers, while failing to notice that the moral fabric of parental commitment was torn when their families rejected them because of who they loved. We focus on the murder of Hamlet’s father and Hamlet’s own existential crisis, rather than on how Hamlet’s mother abandoned her grieving son. Commitment to loved ones, and betrayal of that commitment, are central moral themes in the human drama played out in psychotherapy every day. (Doherty, 1995, p. 46).

______

From The Ethical Lives of Clients: Transcending Self-Interest in Psychotherapy, by W. J. Doherty Copyright © 2022 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved.

References:

1. This case example is from “Bad Couples Therapy: How to Avoid Doing It,” by W. J. Doherty, 2002a, Psychotherapy Networker, (November/December), pp. 26–33 Copyright 2002 by The Psychotherapy Networker, Inc. Adapted with permission.

2. This case example is from “Couples on the Brink: Stopping the Marriage-Go-Round,” by W. J. Doherty, 2006, Psychotherapy Networker, (March/April), pp. 30–39. Copyright 2006 by The Psychotherapy Networker, Inc. Adapted with permission.

Need Management Therapy: A Clinical GPS for Couples Work

Posted on by Psychotherapy.net Team

A new couple enters my office, and instantly I sense a faint but still discernible vestige of feelings dating to my early years as a fledgling psychologist. In those days, couples therapy struck me as overwhelmingly rife with complexities and sundry conundrums, all charged with intense, volatile emotion. Like the wild, erratic dance of a fallen power line, couples would fling verbal darts and threatening accusations at each other. On too many occasions, I felt stunned and intimidated under the full, onerous weight of my inexperience.

The Woes of Being Novice

My novice, impoverished clinical efforts were wobbly, halting and stumbling. I confess, there were moments where, not knowing how to helpfully involve myself, I froze in a stasis I called “interventional paralysis.” Even more regrettably, there was that notorious—and seemingly inevitable—disastrous session where, failing to harness the couple’s rage, both partners bolted inconsolably from my office, leaving me in their frenzied wake feeling deeply discouraged and clinically impotent.

Notwithstanding, these haunting professional nightmares ultimately proved to be de facto growing pains that richly informed me in crafting a treatment approach to couple’s therapy, a new GPS for navigating the craggy but fulfilling landscape of the couple relationship.

Too often, it’s been my experience that distressed couples present to treatment desperately teetering on a precipice of separation and divorce, compelling me to make a quick, hopefully effective “first-responder” application of treatment an urgency. But even under ordinary, non-emergency circumstances, it has become increasingly evident to me that the intimate relationship delivers a steady supply of challenges, some of which are Sisyphean-like in difficulty. Arguably, intimacy is in a league of its own, no other relationship compares in complexity, difficultly, nor fulfillment. Yet oddly, there are no formal institutions that prepare us for it, nor are there standardized marital manuals offering precise, dependable, science-based guidelines.

Nevertheless, despite its predictable ruggedness, intimacy still promises us life’s loftiest personal rewards and its greatest joys. The question is, what are the best tools for harvesting them? Both personally and professionally, I feel there’s a glaring need for a reliable GPS for navigating a successful, emotionally safe therapeutic route through intimacy’s uneven, often hazardous terrain, which is characteristically pocked with conflict, frustration, and disappointment. So, out of arguable necessity, this proposed GPS is intended to serve the practicing clinician, their couple clients, and, for that matter, anyone partnered within an intimate relationship.

A New, Brighter Day

Fortunately, things are much different for me today. Now, when couples present for treatment, my overriding feeling is best described as clinical self-assuredness, born, no doubt, of greater experience. However, I’m convinced the lion’s share of it derives from my growing confidence in the new couples therapy model I’ve added to my clinical tool belt. With equal portions of relief and gratitude, I’m now more prepared to helpfully intervene. Perhaps just as importantly, my clinical confidence is transmissible, that is, it can be emotionally infectious, like a positive contagion that boosts a couple’s confidence in the therapy process. Amusingly, Bruce Wampold alleged that the clinician’s conviction of the efficacy of their treatment strategies is, in itself, therapeutically powerful, likening it to a witch doctor’s “curative” influence. Similarly, at the risk of sounding clinically omniscient or lacking in humility, neither of which embraces scientific objectivity, I have come to feel especially prepared and confident in this approach. This GPS, as I’ve nicknamed it, was born largely of my earlier feelings of being lost and in need of firm grounding and direction when working with couples struggling with intimacy and embroiled in conflict.

If you were to join me in my office, looking over my shoulder, you’d see that I’m especially watchful of a common tendency among partners to target one another with vilifying, non-specific complaints and vague, undefined references to their cripplingly poor communication habits. Commonly, couples seem all too happy to showcase their partner’s faults, foibles and imperfections, but rarely their own. And the accuser’s finger-pointing is typically served up with an accompanying plateful of insinuations that their relationship would be better if only their partner were to change. Of course, this change is often defined exclusively by the partner making the allegation. Obviously, the couple’s ranting indictments of each other typically fail to bring significant, durable change, and finally out of growing despair and necessity, they drag their wounded relationship, kicking and screaming, into treatment.

So, frequently and to the couple’s surprise, I explain that they probably would not be at loggerheads with each other if either or both of them had brought invalid needs to the other. After allowing a moment for this thought to percolate, couples, almost without exception, accept the cogency of this premise, which, as can often be predicted, effectively prompts partners to ask themselves, “Why are we fighting, then?”

Next, with some active nudging, I encourage each partner to look below the attention-consuming mismanagement of their own need to their need’s deep taproot of legitimacy. For example, partners need to be heard in a respectful, sensitive way, which is without question valid, even sine qua non, but can easily be mismanaged, e.g., “You never listen to me!” Here, attention is drawn to the critical, judgmental tone of the complaint, which then mobilizes the taunted partner’s defenses, thus turning their attention away from the validity of their partner’s need to be heard.

Conversely, if the need to be understood were effectively managed, it would sound more like this: “When I feel heard, I feel respected, cared for, and I’d sure welcome your understanding now.” Clearly, there’s less economy of time and energy in the latter example, but its payoff is great and can be measured by increases in self and partner respect, and even an elevated probability of need gratification that rewards the added efforts of the need manager. I’ve found that partners who respect one another are more likely to gratify the other’s needs.

Need Management Therapy

Before I continue unspooling the specific steps of this model, be reassured that it has evolved over years in practice and flows from the work of pioneers in the field of couples therapy, including Aaron Beck, John Gottman, Sue Johnson, and Leslie Greenberg. My use of the acronym GPS is metaphorical, designed to be a catchy, descriptive epithet for the model, whose formal name is Need Management Therapy (NMT).

Theoretically, or perhaps ideally, a couple is composed of two individual selves. While this may seem obvious, what is not so clear is the very concept of “the self,” which is up for definitional grabs; it’s a theoretical construct, and there are several competing versions of it lining the shelves of the scientific and self-help marketplaces. So, cautiously exercising my own theoretical prerogative, I’ve stepped out on a limb and defined the self as a composite of circulating needs of varying types and magnitudes. Further, by my calculations, human needs are self-defining, self-constructing psychodynamic entities that require active management, including the management of the feelings orbiting about them. These concepts have significant diagnostic and therapeutic implications, especially within the rigorous context of the intimate relationship. Convincingly, optimal individual and couple health can be realized by the effective management of both individual and shared needs and feelings.

In its simplest, most encapsulated form, NMT teaches the couple the tools necessary for the effective management of their needs and feelings. So, here’s a brief preview, a quick synopsis of NMT punched out in a one-to-three stepwise form. Later, I’ll further flesh out the model’s three lynchpin steps while fitting each one to a concrete couple example for a clear demonstration of how the steps are applied.

Step one is “need identification,” which endows partners with the Socratic “know thyself” advantages of self-delineation and self-cohesiveness. Step two is “need legitimization,” which assumes that partners bring fundamentally valid needs to one another and encourages partners to actively represent them. Step three, “need representation,” centers around creating and preserving self and partner esteem—legitimate needs must be given voice along with the feelings associated with them. This expression of the emotions encircling a partner’s needs amplifies the personal meaning of the need, and more, creates a deep connection within individual partners, predisposing a better quality of connection between partners.

Need Identification: The NMT therapist encourages the couple to identify the personal needs that each partner brings to the other, especially those that ignite conflict. To illustrate, consider the case of Justin and Stephanie. What ignited their most recent skirmish and finally drove them into treatment was Justin’s non-negotiated demand to purchase a mountain bike—his identified need. Stephanie had other plans. Her identified need was to replace the family’s aging car, which she thought ought to top their list of spending priorities. At this point, both partners identified their manifest needs.

Despite its propensity for generating couple conflict, this active process of need identification effectively constructs the self, and again, a well-constructed self bodes well for personal mental health and the health of the partnership. Poorly defined needs are more difficult to manage. Moreover, the intimate relationship confers immeasurable benefits upon its constituents, but it can also be notorious for its ability to dismantle personal identities, as partners often under-manage or fail to adequately manage their own needs. Sadly, these failings can occur for reasons related to a partner’s lack of self-acceptance and/or for understandable but misguided attempts to preserve couple peace and harmony by dodging conflict and reducing friction, which is always ill-advised.

Need Legitimization: NMT trumpets this bold presupposition: most, if not all, individual needs are fundamentally legitimate at their most basic, irreducible level; therefore, they cry out for active, effective expression and management. For example, partners have a deep-seeded need for sensitive, respectful understanding of their needs and feelings regardless of the nature of the need or the inevitable surface-level disparities between their own and their partner’s needs. Moreover, a partner’s failure to adequately imbue their personal needs with this fundamental legitimacy predisposes the non-or-undermanagement of their needs, creating a potential breeding ground of self and partner resentment. For example, if I fail to manage the valid needs I bring to my partner, this self-imposed forfeiture of my needs diminishes my self-respect. I’ve become someone less than I optimally ought to be, or who I fully am. Now, as a lessor presence in relation to my partner, a chink develops in my personal identity armor, and as a consequence I don’t like who I am vis-a-vis my partner. Conversely, by deliberately imbuing my needs with positive status, I elevate the probability of their active management. And, perhaps of greater value, I simultaneously spawn self- and even partner-respect as I bring a more defined, fuller version of myself to my partner that also ferries the additional advantage of invigorating and nourishing my relationship.

Referring back to the example of Justin and Stephanie, each partner brings a valid need to the other, and therefore each one ought to legitimize the others need, as opposed to entrenching themselves in a competitive or adversarial argument in which one partner’s need is pitched as more important than the other’s. When couples purposely legitimize their own and their partner’s needs, they create a mutuality of respect that can be immediately conflict-preemptive and even lay down a longer-term prophylaxis against future couple warfare. Moreover, this atmosphere of mutual respect paves the way for the usual problem-solving conventions of compromise, negotiation, bargaining or other quid-pro-quo options for resolving differences. A qualifying caveat to this is that all too often, partners rightfully assume their need is valid but wrongfully assume it should be gratified on the spot because of the legitimacy it holds for them. This all-to-common need mismanagement pitfall fails to calculate the fundamental validity of one’s partner’s needs and can thus seed couple conflict.

Partners could conceivably lock horns in perpetuity because each, at least from their own perspective, brings a valid need to the table. Do couples fight for reasons that are not valid? Not likely. Partners believe and, more importantly, feel their individual needs have importance, or else why express them, much less defend them, or worse still, launch their version World War Three over them? Couples fight not because they bring illegitimate needs to one another but rather because they fail to effectively manage their own basic needs and adequately validate those of their intimate other. According to NMT, poor personal need management is the crucial point d’origine, the epicenter of couple rancor, dispute, and conflict. And when couple dissension is relentless and protracted, the accumulation of the toxic emotional by-products of poor personal need management—frustration, hurt, betrayal, anger, confusion, disillusionment, depression, to name a few—disease the relationship, until it can become moribund and dies. Extending this NMT logic, could every heated argument, or every fight, be framed as an instance of poor individual need management? If so, in a perfect couple-world, where needs are well-managed, fighting would be nonexistent.

Need representation: After greasing the wheels of communication by respectfully requesting a dosing of their partner’s time and understanding—a necessary preliminary—each partner is then encouraged to express their needs in clear, understandable terms. But with even greater emphasis, couples are strongly coached to express the emotions whirling about their needs. A need’s personal “weight of meaning” is conveyed through this accurate expression of the feelings connected to it. As needs and their related feelings are expressed with sufficient depth and accuracy, partners achieve a profound connection within themselves, which, in turn, serves as a precursor to a deeply emotional connection between partners. In briefer terms, “I can be no closer to my partner than I am first close to myself.”

Lastly, partners are taught to prioritize the effective management of their needs over their gratification. To be sure, I’m all in favor of need gratification, but it should come via the steps of effective need management and therefore be of secondary importance. NMT holds that it is in the effective management of our needs, and not their gratification, that we develop our emotional maturity. In stark contrast, like an untamed and feckless reflex, the pursuit of immediate personal need gratification can harm partners, as it puts one partner’s need above the another’s, thus risking the moment-to-moment health of the relationship.

Returning once more to the case of Justin and Stephanie, the third and final step of the model begins with a respectful investiture of partner respect prior to the expression of the need. For example, Justin might say to Stephanie, “Could I get a moment of your time?” or, “Are you real busy right now?” This common courtesy is a small investment in respect for Stephanie which literally credits Justin with a commensurate or reciprocating return of respect that can start the communicative ball rolling productively. Next, Justin makes plain his need for a mountain bike but, more importantly, he very purposely expresses the breadth and depth of his feelings related to his anticipated use of the bike. Lastly, and very importantly, Justin must strive to prioritize the management of his need for the bike over the immediate personal gratification of actually purchasing it. Challenging! But Justin’s goal is to learn that it’s the effective management of his need and not its gratification that ensures his maturation and growth and the preservation of the moment-to-moment health of his most prized relationship. The same exact process of effective need representation is repeated with Stephanie.

Adherence to this stepwise, simple orthodoxy of the NMT model can ensure growth in self and partner esteem as well as enhance the health of the relationship, meeting the highest needs of the individual. And, as an added incentive, good need management elevates the probability of personal need gratification.

A Personal Addendum

I have been deeply gratified and often immediately rewarded in “psychic dollars” as I’ve observed couples respond positively to NMT. Many times, within as few as one to five sessions, couple change occurs as partners learn to identify and validate the legitimacy of their needs by the deliberate, purposeful crowning of their needs with positive status. This process of self-generated validation of one’s needs can, and often does, encourage their active representation, and with it the door to a more fulfilled and maturing self is flung open.

Importantly, NMT theorizes that the intimate relationship is incomparable, like no other relationship because it creates the conditions by which the fullest maturation of the self can be realized. Outside its context, the same optimal emotional development may not be realizable. This is because of intimacy’s matchless features, chief of which is the endless stream of opportunities for personal growth through the development of effective need management skills.

By incorporating these simple, but compelling, principles into my treatment repertoire, I have been served a savory, delightful helping of clinical self-assuredness. But more importantly, I’ve witnessed the efficacy of this approach first-hand in the lives of the couples with whom I’ve worked. No more interventional paralysis, no more stumbling or bolting clients, and no more clinical nightmares!

The Secret to Successful Couples Therapy: Empathy Over Doubt

Posted on by Psychotherapy.net Team

I sometimes forget that the work that I do with couples is actually effective.

Despite having seen many successful outcomes over the decade or so I’ve been doing this work, I can’t help but feel skeptical about the possibility of success in the face of challenging client situations. In part I think it’s due to sporadic bouts of impostor syndrome, which I have struggled with in small and big ways; and in part I think it’s just that on its face it sometimes just seems so unlikely that a couple can bridge the giant gap that separates them when they come in.

Take Molly and Grant. Molly wanted another child. Grant did not. When they came in for couples counseling, they were both pretty despondent about the possibility of working things out. Theirs was a stark difference of opinions to overcome, not to mention the impact of months of intensifying arguments over that difference which had left them frustrated, angry, spent, and dejected.

I doubted myself, but I plunged ahead with what my training, experience, and instinct told me: let’s build empathy, and then take a second look at the problem afterwards through a new lens. My style looks a little bit like Imago, a lot like Relationship Enhancement Therapy, and a bit like everything else too. (I tend to think that there are strengths in many different modalities, and I like to keep a variety of tools in my belt.)

Molly and Grant had one child so far, a mischievous and often oppositional three-year-old girl named Haley. They had their fair share of struggles with her, but both of course loved her deeply. Grant, however, had never really expected to be a father and still grappled with how exactly to fill the role; he had no need to double down on it. Moreover, he was afflicted with a physical disability that made him earnestly question whether he could physically handle parenting twice as many children as he was currently attempting to manage.

Molly’s emotional yearning for another offspring was diametrically opposed to Grant’s disinclination. She wanted it, needed it, pined for it. She considered leaving the marriage over it (knowing, of course, that at her age that would certainly not increase her chances of having another child).

Over the course of our sessions, we were able to illuminate (at least partly) the source of her powerful desire; it was no small matter. Her wish for a second child related to her worth as a woman, to her fraught family history, to the untimely death of her own sister years earlier, and perhaps most strongly, her profound wish to give Haley someone to rely on through thick and thin.

Whenever they began to cycle through the arguments for and against, we got nowhere. Instead, I guided them to focus on their feelings, their experience of life as parents, as spouses, as a man or woman, and to share those in a safe and structured space with each other.

Grant was skeptical. Molly was hopeful, and also doubtful, and kind of both at the same time. But they tried. They really tried. They failed a lot; then they tried again. I taught them to listen to each other. I taught them to talk to each other (rather than at or around each other). And soon each began to understand where their partner was really coming from. From there it was a short distance to caring about where their partner was coming from, and then to expressing that caring. I taught them to reconnect with their empathy.

It was somewhat astounding to me that after five sessions, they were savoring their connection once again. They thanked me for literally saving their marriage. They left with a deep commitment to each other and to the process. I trust that these will be assets they will use to continue the discussion around having further children. It reminded me of my own commitment to the process as well.

My work with couples, challenging as it often is, continually reminds me that relationships are never about the what, but about the how. When couples interact with each other on the basis of empathy, there is virtually nothing that stands in the way of deep connection (even in situations where the best thing really is to break up). Couples like Molly and Grant remind me of this truth. They give me something to hold onto when my impostor syndrome strikes. Like my clients, I’m not perfect. I don’t always say the right thing. I don’t always know the right answer. But I am pretty sure that empathy is the right way.

But I have no idea what, or if, they decided about having another child. After all, that was never truly the problem.

Full Container

Posted on by Psychotherapy.net Team

Seldom or never does a marriage develop into an individual relationship smoothly without crisis.
There is no birth of consciousness without pain.
 

C.G. Jung
 

Too Soon?

Upon leaving my hospice support group on September 11th, I turned on the car radio and heard that the Twin Towers had collapsed. Jared, a boy we knew with neuroblastoma, had also died early that morning. I became more disoriented than I already was. I can’t say I was any sadder, because that would be impossible. I met a friend at Perkins for lunch, and everyone there looked dazed like me. I didn’t feel like an alien anymore. Now everyone knew what I had already known—that complete devastation can happen in the blink of an eye.

Two weeks later, I called Hedy Schleifer, a renowned psychologist I spoke with when my two-year-old daughter Jillian was diagnosed with cancer. I asked if she thought I could handle the Imago Relationship Therapy clinical training, starting in November. Jillian had died in June. I was hoping Hedy would say, “It’s too fresh, you’re too vulnerable to take on such intensity,” but she didn’t. “Do it,” she said. “If not now, when?” I knew she was right.

Harville Hendrix’s Imago Relationship Theory is based on the idea that we marry our Imago—the image of the person who can make us whole again. We are attracted to the perfect mate to help us regain what we lost in childhood. But this person pushes all of our buttons first.

It was actually Tom who urged me to do this. He agreed to join me for the three one-week sessions, scheduled over a period of months. Tom and I had taken the two-day couples therapy workshop, but this training would allow me to become a certified Imago coach. I hadn’t seen any clients since Jillian got sick. Now I would have to see clients in order to provide the required taped coaching sessions.

On the first day of training, there were sixteen chairs in a circle. Hedy had “accidentally” included an extra chair. The empty chair supported a blue balloon with a blue ribbon. Jillian’s favorite color was blue. Was it a sign of approval? On each of the subsequent sessions, there happened to be a blue ribbon somewhere in the room. After Jillian died, a neighbor placed blue ribbons on all of the mailboxes in our subdivision. When someone we love dies, we grasp for signs that they are okay. I believe that sometimes they give them to us.

Hedy would begin each session by saying something like, “Today is November 14, 2001. It is the one and only November 14, 2001. What are you going to do with it?” She would also say, “It’s a great day. When I woke up this morning, I recognized myself.” Her mother, who had Alzheimer’s, could not. Just being in Hedy’s presence raised my consciousness.

Since most of the other therapists came without spouses, Tom and I were often the demonstration couple. It was like free therapy. After the first session, I made a Freudian slip that I had never made before. I said, “There’s my heaven,” attempting to say, “There’s my husband.” That’s exactly how I felt. Our connection was closer than ever; it felt like heaven.

Release and Containment

We were both still raw from Jillian’s death. Hedy suggested that we alternate crying in each other’s arms once a week. So that is what we did. After we got home, every Saturday we would alternate crying in each other’s arms. One of us talked or cried while the other listened and held.

When your child dies, it is extremely difficult to be emotionally available to your spouse. You both need someone, like a mommy, to care for you. We took turns caring for each other.

We were at the Comfort Inn on Miami Beach. Instead of lying on the moist sand, inhaling the salty ocean breeze, Tom and I sat face-to-face on gray cloth and metal office chairs, inhaling the basement’s mildew. It was the third and final week of our Imago Relationship Therapy clinical training. While a semicircle of seven participants observed, Hedy sat inches away, coaching our every move in this process, aptly named the “Full Container.” A conduit to deep emotional pain rooted in childhood, this exercise allowed one partner to fully express his or her rage while the other partner created a quiet, welcoming space to contain all of it. A spiritual energy pulsated from Hedy’s regal posture and her wispy salt-and-pepper hair, even through her dangling bracelets and flowing black, white, and red pantsuit. The three of us formed a triangle as we sat in open postures with our hands on our thighs.

Tom cleared his throat, “Uhum. Well, Sylvia.” Nervous smiles sprouted on both our faces as he leaned forward. “We even talked this morning about the thing I’m going to be mad about and you had no clue what it would be. Seventeen years of marriage, and we both knew what yours would be.” Tom raised his hands and plopped them back on his thighs. “But you had no idea what mine would be. Get a job. Get a job.”

Hedy whispered, “And it pisses me off.”

Tom unleashed his anger. “It pisses me off. It really pisses me off on many levels. It pisses me off on many levels.”

Tom’s accusing tone cut through to the back of my throat. For an instant I was a frozen little girl again, watching my own father derail. Hedy had prepared me so well for this exercise that I snapped back to the present and returned to Tom with loving eyes, open to the full extent of his rage. I could see both the face of a little boy and a man as he ranted.

Tom’s hands bounced up and down on his thighs with increasing intensity as he shouted. “We got married, and you had a degree in engineering and decided you wanted to go into psychology. I put your ass through school. You didn’t have to work at all. You didn’t have to work at all. I put you through school.”

Although I was able to maintain contact with soft eyes, I wanted to scream, “What are you talking about? I began working the second year of graduate school and worked until Jillian was born. That’s nine years.”

Instead, I tapped Hedy’s leg, per earlier instructions. She cradled my right hand in her left and waved her right hand over my chest a few times, helping me return to the present. While maintaining eye contact with Tom, I silently prayed for God’s love to channel straight through me to him. My task in this process was to contain his rage with every fiber of my being, so that he could allow the full extent of his life force to emerge in a safe environment, as never before. I relaxed my face and felt the light in my eyes as they reflected my thoughts. “I’m here again, Tom. I’m here again. My job is to see it the way you see it. Yes, you put me through school. I certainly haven’t worked as much as I could have.”

He scowled and shook his head back and forth. “All I heard was your bitching and moaning about having to do papers. Aaaah,” he mimicked me in a high-pitched whine. “I can’t do this. I can’t do that. Waaaah.”

His caustic masculine voice returned. “While I was working, all I heard was your bitching and moaning the whole time. You graduated. We had your big graduation thing. You thanked every fucking person in the whole world, except me, who put you through school. I was so mad. I thought I got over it, but I didn’t. I’m still mad about that.”

While still holding my hand, Hedy said, “Again,” to Tom. Amplifying his rage and enabling me to support him was her role in this part of the process.

“That really pissed me off that you thanked every fucking person in the world at the thing, publicly, except me, who put you through school.”

Hedy’s expression intensified, “Again.”

His now piercing volume escalated with each repetition. “It really pissed me off that you thanked every fucking person in the world, publicly, except me who put you through school! And, oh, thanks to your Mom, who’s out there golden.”

His sarcasm stung. Although the onlookers had faded into the background, they popped back into my awareness and I wanted to slink off my seat. What must they think of me? I became defensive, developing a silent counterattack. “I thanked you profusely in the written part of my speech. And besides, are you forgetting my mother was dying of cancer at the time?” Struggling to get my frontal cortex operational again, I squeezed Hedy’s hand. The rational part of me gained control as I told myself, “Stay here with Tom, stay here and try to see it the way he does. I did forget to mention him when I began talking spontaneously.”

He raised his lanky arms and waved them at his sides. “But Tom, who worked his ass off while you’re going through school. Oh, and I’m not supportive. I wasn’t supportive of you that whole time. I wasn’t fucking supportive. I heard that so many fucking times. It just pissed me off. No, I wasn’t supportive of you at all. It just made me so fucking mad.”

Tom’s voice lowered just a notch. “Then we get to this thing and I see how you’re wasting your talent.”

Hedy released my hand and leaned back in her seat. She knew I could fly solo at that point.

Tom’s hands clenched his thighs, and he nodded his head back and forth rhythmically; it was not quite a yes, more like a turkey gobble. “It’s like I signed us up for the Imago thing. Presumably I did it to improve our marriage. And then I saw how good you were on the two tapes. And I knew you were not going to fucking use it. You were going to have one or two clients. You knew you were going to lose five thousand bucks a year or whatever. You have a Ph fucking D! You ought to have been making more money than me. You shouldn’t have been losing money every year. It pisses me off completely that you’re so irresponsible that everything has to be on me. That you don’t make any fucking money. That you don’t take any responsibility for yourself. You make excuses, about Jillian or whatever. Oh well, look at all the other years. There are other years in there. Yeah, you worked, and you piddled around. You could never collect your money. You could never do what it took to be responsible to take responsibility for yourself. To make some fucking money. To take some pressure off me.”

My insides trembled, and I wanted to jump up and shout, “The money loss began after Jillian was born. I only saw a couple of clients because I was a stay-at-home mother, then she got cancer and then she died. When was I supposed to be making money?” Hedy was right when she said, “One partner’s deepest need meets the other’s greatest defense in this process.” I wanted to put my defenses aside, to remain present. To see it his way, I was irresponsible with money and have never earned what I’m capable of earning.

I’ve seen Tom enraged before, but never as physically and verbally unrestricted.

“Oh yeah, and I’m going to send you to Spain. And I want to do that for you. But there’s another part of me that’s really pissed off that you never took responsibility for yourself, that you never took the pressure off of me, that you were never there for me, that you couldn’t decide to pull your weight, to do your part.”

Hedy thrust her fist forward. “I’m sick and tired of it.”

“I’m really fucking sick and tired of it,” Tom repeated.

Hedy leaned in, “Again!”

“I’m fucking sick and tired of it. I’m tired of being the accommodator. I know you don’t want me to be the accommodator, but I’m tired of being the accommodator, the one who provides all the support, the one who has to be reliable.”

I Lost a Child Too

Tom mimicked my voice again, “Oh, waah. I’m going to cry for nine months about Jillian. You get to stay home and cry for nine months and act like you’re the only one who lost a child. You know what? I lost a child, too!” Sadness cracked through Tom’s anger. “I lost a child, too, and you don’t know I lost a child, too.”

Hedy waved her fist and rattled, “Keep coming with the anger. Feel the sadness and keep coming with the anger.”

 “I lost a child, too, Sylvia, goddammit! You act like you’re the only one who lost her! You don’t know I lost her, too. I lost a child, too.” We both begin sobbing. “What about me? It makes me mad. You don’t see I was her father. I lay in that crib with her. I lay in that hospital bed with her. And you don’t see that I was her father.”

Hedy placed her hand on my belly and I took her hand. I breathed deeply and relaxed into the safety of her presence.

“You don’t see how much I loved her and how much she meant to me. But no, it’s all you, Sylvia, all that time. But, you know what? She was my child, too, and I loved her. You didn’t do shit.”

While still holding my hand, Hedy turned to Tom. “Feel the anger.”

“It’s all fucking your problem. I had to go to work every fucking day while you got to lay home and feel aaaah like shit, and I get to go to work every fucking day!”

His girly voice faded in and out. “Oh, I can’t go to work.”

“Well fuck it, Sylvia. You’ve done that the whole time we’ve been married. You’ve always had some excuse why you couldn’t pull your weight. Why is it all about you? It had nothing to do with me. Jillian was my daughter too. She was my daughter.”

Hedy leaned in toward Tom, “Unclench your jaw.”

He flailed his hands at his sides like he was having a seizure. “She was my daughter. I feel that pain, I feel that pain as much as you!” He screamed at the top of his lungs. “You heard me wail, didn’t you hear me wail? I miss her like hell! Goddamm, I miss her!”

Hedy leaned toward Tom, “Open up the jaw.”

“I miss her. I miss her more than you.” He stuck out his tongue like a 5-year- old taunting his sister. “Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaah!”

Even though I was petrified, I smiled when I saw that little boy’s face.

His brow furrowed deeper than I’ve ever seen, and his jugular veins bulged as blood rushed to his face. “She was Papa’s girl. Fuck it. She was Papa’s girl. She’d say that, wouldn’t she? She saw that, too, how everything was all about you. How it was all about you. How everything was about you. It made me so fucking mad. It was all about you and your pain with Jillian. It was never about me. You were ready to fucking divorce me while we were going through that shit, do you remember that? All that crap we were going through. I’d have to be the supportive one. You were ready to kill me because you were in so much pain. Jillian was in so much pain. And you told me, when this is all over, I’m going to divorce you. You were attacking the crap out of me. Fuck that. I’m doing all that shit. I was there with her, too, trying to support you and her, emotionally, physically, and financially.”

Part of me wanted to leave my body, but another part fought to remain there with Tom. I remembered Hedy’s instructions, 10% of this is about me, while the other 90% had its roots in his childhood. I opened up a closed space within and made more room for him.

His voice softened as he alternated between mimicking my voice and his own. “It’s all over, Tom, when it’s over, which it wasn’t. We didn’t do that. But goddamn, that pissed me off. Fuck it. It’s going to be all over. Fuck it. It’s going to be all over. You’re dead. You’re nothing.”

I sat with loving eyes, in a meditative trance, palms facing up on my thighs, realizing that he had hit the existential statement that led him back to childhood memories.

“Made me so fucking mad that I’m nothing. I’m fucking nothing.”

“Again,” said Hedy.

“I’m fucking nothing. I’m nothing to you. “I’m nothing.”

“Yes, five times.”

“I’m fucking nothing.”

“Stand up,” Hedy said as she rose. “I’m nothing!”

Tom stood and leaned over me. “I’m nothing. I’m nothing. I’m nothing. I’m nothing. I’m nothing, NOTHING!”

“Let what comes with that come. Scream it out.”

“I’m nothing. I’m fucking nothing. I’m nothing. I’m nothing, I’m nothing to you,” he said, whimpering.

Hedy guided me to my feet. Tom and I stood inches apart.

He sobbed. “I was nothing, nothing, nothing, to my parents, to my mother.”

I took him into my arms. He pulled me in and whispered. “I love you. I love you.”

 From the corner of my eye, I notice the other therapists watching spellbound as Tom’s unspeakable pain flooded out on the floor in a torrent. A Kleenex box passed around the room and an occasional loud honking sound broke their silence. Tom and I were wired with microphones, but words were difficult to discern as Tom alternated between mumbling, moaning, and wailing.

Although my ego hung onto remnants of his earlier words, I decided to put it on a shelf until later. I patted his back. Hedy gently placed her hand over mine, to stop my automatic consoling. “Take all the time in the world. I’m right here,” she whispered.

I repeated her words in Tom’s ear.

“I was nothing to my parents. They never noticed me. I had to be invisible, this perfect little robot, responsible, reliable.” As Tom spoke between sobs, he transported us to a scene in his childhood. “I was all alone in my crib, crying. I was very lonely, but no one would come to comfort me. I stood in the crib, violently shaking it. The darkness and pit of loneliness in my gut stretched out to forever.”

“You were so little, so lonely, so afraid,” Hedy whispered.

As I repeated the words, Tom belted out a ghostly moan for several minutes before he began speaking again. “The crib slowly jerked across the wooden floor until it slammed into my bedroom door. The crib was just the right height to hit the doorknob and lock the door. I heard my father struggling to unlock it and push it open. My heart pounded. I stood quietly as my father managed to push the door open. He had a wild look in his eyes. I wanted to die.”

Tom moaned and moaned, I cradled his body with my eyes tightly shut. After several minutes, the crying stopped, but his breathing remained labored.

“How should it have been, Tom?” Hedy said.

I repeated her words in his ear.

“They should have heard me long before my crib made it all the way across the room to the door. They should have seen I was there. They should have held me when I cried. I would have felt safe and wonderful and that it was okay for me to be alive.”

As Tom wept, Hedy whispered in my ear, “That’s just how it should have been. Your parents should have come running when they heard a little peep from you.”

I whispered gently in his ear. “That’s just how it should have been. Your crib should have never shaken all the way to the door before your father came in. You should have been able to make the slightest peep and had your parents come and look in your eyes and know they had the most wonderful little boy in the world.”

“Peep, peep,” Tom said.

“Here I am,” I said, and we both giggled.

“Peep, peep,” he repeated.

“I’m still here.” I held him tight, now resting my head on his.

Hedy leaned in. “Reposition yourself slightly, so you can look in each other’s eyes and soak in all that you’re feeling.”
 

***

Tom and I gazed into each other’s eyes as time stood still. He looked different, more alive, somehow. I could really see him as I looked in his eyes, like clear pools, a direct link to the divine. The space between us felt sacred, alive with rejuvenated energy. Emerging from the invisible boy was the man I had waited for my whole life. He smiled a full, incandescent smile.
 

This article is excerpted from the unpublished book Why Jillian? by the author.

On the Continuum of Real to Imagined Abandonment

Posted on by Psychotherapy.net Team

Real or Imagined Abandonment

Real or imagined abandonment. I read the words out loud in time with my ex-fiancé Dan’s index finger as it moved along his computer screen. The DSM pages that had been all too familiar to me since graduate school felt like a loved one’s obituary following a car accident. The term borderline personality disorder has fit many of my clients over the years and, at the risk of sounding cliché or contrived with “some of my best friends are,” well, some of my best friends have shown signs of BPD. And I have experienced these signs in myself. While my long-standing self-diagnosis of Complex PTSD has often felt like a badge of honor, attachment issues have always been my true Achilles heel. The dull ache of a relationship’s potential for derailment and deterioration has been etched on my mind and present in the throbbing headaches that often settled between my brows. Headaches and worry became as familiar—and as distressing—as red lights and waiting in line.

A glass of ice-cold water in the face could not rival the moment when the man you love asks you to read the word “abandonment” in conjunction with all the associated components of borderline personality disorder, the condition that is the zenith of the experience of pain-by-abandonment. BPD is a testament of pain. Just the phrase stirs in me that same kind of sadness as whenever I look at old family photos, watch the movie Of What Dreams May Come or listen to the song “As Tears Go By” by Marianne Faithful.

My whole body trembled as I forced myself to remain standing steadily enough to continue reading the rest of the diagnostic criteria out loud. We were technically in his living room, which sometimes felt like our living room, standing in the aftermath of one of our all-too-regular fights.

My tears, the white flag of surrender, bonded us. Again. I fell into the warmth of his familiar, coffeeshop-scented Saturday sweatjacket and strong heartbeat as his arms tightened around me, his hands first locked on the middle of my back, gently patting me until finally finding their way to my face in order for him to gently pull the hair away from my tear-bleached eyes until those tears finally stopped.

After a childhood derailed by my parent’s and stepparent’s drug use, along with the twists and turns of moving in and out of assorted relatives’ homes, I had earned my black belt in therapy patienthood by the time I was twelve. And while my vocational pathway was not a carefully pre-planned collaboration but a mystery left for me to solve on my own, I condensed what I knew of life to that point and studied counseling psychology in order to become a therapist. My torturous family history prepared me well to hone in on the essence of what those around me were feeling and what their state of mind was. My direct familiarity with how invalidation stung empowered me with a stance of caution in my work that, paired with curiosity, became a starting point for my work with clients through which I could offer validation and encouragement. With caution, I could spare clients from the therapeutic experience of being pathologized for circumstances that were beyond their control.

The adages of the shoemaker’s children having holes in their shoes or the hairdresser’s hair never quite looking good always seemed to ring true for me. In my personal life, I could not access my own therapy skill set. The never-ending question “What would you tell one of your clients?” was posed like clockwork by those well-meaning people I confided in during moments when my pursuit of comfort overshadowed practicality.

Understanding another’s life is risky business, even with the best of intentions. As a therapist, I have asked clients struggling with abandonment issues to try to make sense of the very same message Dan was trying to convey to me after our most recent fight as he attempted to quiet my own abandonment fears. Even our own couples therapy sessions, which initially seemed promising, resulted in my pained response to Dan’s distancing, deafening silence; with that, those sessions failed to yield a secure structure for the relationship we had co-created.

Why was Dan immersed in his phone at all times, especially right before and during that very therapy session, why was the therapist not acknowledging this, why did we have a constant rotation of bonded togetherness followed by cold detachment, without any seemingly clear catalyst? Why was this the one relationship on any level that I could never figure out? And, most of all, how could a union hold so much potential and goodness, only for me to then feel fleeting and irrelevant to Dan before cycling back to calm and contentment?

The deeper my intimate feelings for Dan became, the more urgent it seemed for me to safeguard our relationship by vigilantly monitoring its emotional climate—and his commitment to me. Priority one was seeking out potential threats along with warning signs of betrayal, loss of interest in me, or perceived slips in my relational ranking compared with his family, friends and co-workers. While Dan brought me into his family fold and once said he would make me part of whatever he was part of, he also said he wanted to protect me from the meanness of the world. And there was always something about his whiskey bar associations that felt like exactly that—the meanness of the world. I suspected that he interpreted my stance as that of the insecure and controlling female who wanted to dominate her guy’s friend time. I’d argue with him that even a broken clock is correct twice a day, but our relationship security, or at least mine, repeatedly seemed to plummet until my frustration turned to rage, and I was then the screaming woman ranting about a few hours at a bar or a house party planned for the weekend. Validation became too emotionally expensive, no matter how much I wanted to participate in making my point of view clear and appreciated for its well-meaning intent.

My favorite quote in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf, “What we are talking about is not what we are talking about,” always seemed to apply during one of these moments. What I was focused on was not what I was focused on. I had my appointment book, my pen-to-paper lists always at the ready in order to securely defend my position of insecurity. And I had my “tangible and legitimate” complaints. His nephew didn't want us to marry or be in a relationship; Dan treated me differently after his nephew called or they spent time together. His friends wanted to see him often and I wasn’t fitting in, his work was demanding, his mother needed him on Sundays. These were real reasons for stress for me, but they weren’t giving us the real reasons for our seemingly predictable conflicts. Even his fluctuating treatment of me felt impossible to describe, except for my feelings about it. Life was the equivalent of reading accurate directions for finding a building, but still not finding its entrance even after circling the building with a Quonset light overhead.

Focusing on Survival Can be a Liability

“In your childhood, you were forced to live a borderline life,” I once said to a client who responded by saying how true it was. The image of baking a cake with the needed ingredients came to mind. Past events, such as her father not showing up to pick her up from the first grade on his various visitation days and a mother who was always traveling for work, were like toxic ingredients in her upbringing used to bake the cake of her later pain, problems, and pathology.

With similar clients, I have been able to offer understanding and to then use this to set goals, but I could never quite develop the same traction in my own relationship with Dan. With my clients who were trauma survivors, I always felt like there was a clear linear strategy that guided the order of our work—first, build rapport; second, accumulate recent history and present life circumstances; third, explore assets and resources, such as friends, talents, finance, hobbies; fourth, assess liabilities, including symptoms, people, events, debt, health; and last was the hook, the motivation. What was it in their darkest and most painful eleventh hour that motivated them to seek the safety net that kept them from hitting bottom and giving up? Could they share this with me? And could I help them to recognize that I valued this very private and fragile inner faultline they’d given me access to?

For trauma survivors, the asset of being good at surviving and focusing on keeping the safety net secure can also be a liability. I have to carefully keep this in mind with my clients. The risk is that the frame of therapy, along with my validation of their status quo and past pain, can become too much of a lifeline. If this happens, a client who is accustomed to getting by on little comfort and relatedness from others may become too comfortable to take social and emotional risks outside of therapy. Here is where the balance of minimal confrontation over avoiding fun or healthy risks must be met with continued acknowledgment of their survival skills and circumstances.

Cindy, my smart and savvy managing director client, was often reluctant to go to her company's happy hours. She emphasized how different she felt from her coworkers because of her family background. She resented the feelings that came up for her whenever others spoke about their lives but, at the same time, she hated feeling alone. Curiosity about others helped create an emotional bridge strong enough for Cindy to give the happy hour—and others—a chance. While she didn’t find much to feel compassion about, she continued acting curious until doing so took her focus from herself and onto the social world around her. Cindy liked this feeling. We named it “Moment Therapy.” We then established a Moment Therapy Quota, where she scheduled three moments per week where she would attend an event that she could bring curiosity to, and through which she could begin to cross the bridge to a safe connection.

Sacrificing Sanity for Connection

My client David wanted his wife to be on his team. He often returned home well after dinnertime, which was upsetting to his wife and led to conflicts. He felt distanced from her at those times but felt more at peace and secure in their relationship whenever he bought her jewelry. Six months into therapy, he described this cycle as one of conflict, followed by estrangement and then presentation of the jewelry, much like a cat triumphantly bringing home its catch of the day to its owner. Then all of a sudden, presents no longer worked. He would try to help around the house, even when he wouldn’t get home until 8 PM, even though his wife was a self-described stay-at-home pet-parent. He always felt like he was failing her until finally, when he would start to give up, she’d turn around and embrace him.

David’s scenario evoked memories of my relationship with Dan, particularly when he would hang out with his friends in whiskey bars. I believed that Dan's relationship with these particular friends was ripe for trouble and fueled my own insecurities, I could just feel it. Being around them made me feel the way I did many years before when I did my internship at a state-run drug and alcohol facility. While some attendees did hard work and were honest, there were also the court ordered system-savvy patients who offered little more than mock compliance at best. The whiskey bar hangout of his friends was a breeding ground for gambling and other so-called hobbies that pair accordingly with sinister people masquerading as friends. Some of the whiskey bar guys were okay, some very likable and even charming, but the setting was rough and some of them were rough with it. Dan had an ability to access people with a combination of book and street smarts. This did not include the people from this whiskey bar party-based petri dish. I believed that I had a right, an obligation, to share my concerns with urgency. The problem was that I was a one-trick pony. My mind had its doctorate in domestic trauma, but not in the imperfections of regular life. I couldn’t communicate to Dan my concerns with an emotional delivery that didn’t push him away.

With my clients such as David, I easily described their behavior as blocking old punches in real time. They typically appreciated and quickly understood this phrase and worked on compiling a weekly list of such events where the analogy applied. Many eventually learned to recognize their pattern of reacting from past conditioning as if it were happening in the present. We would then work on finding the similarities within each event and then the meaning—the core essence that they were responding to. Once my clients demonstrated security in feeling validated and were comfortable challenging their impressions, we questioned the meanings they assigned to the events and wondered together if they could be exchanged for other, less destructive interpretations. Did the original meanings still feel accurate? Or were past meanings from past events being recycled, like a hand-me-down-sweater from a relative that never quite fit and nevertheless compelled wearing during visits from them?

The Illusory Promise of Diagnosis

While I permitted Dan to highlight my flaws in our review of the DSM, I remember having fantasies in which he underwent psychological testing which would provide us with some insight into his behavior and relational style and move the focus from me to him. Dan and I would sit holding hands as a team, ready to face the results as the psychologist spoke. In the calm of this fantasy office, the psychologist would reveal a truth about Dan that lay hidden from him and me that would explain so much about our quixotic relationship and offer it hope for survival.

Asperger’s Disorder—Marked impairment in the use of multiple behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures and gestures to regulate social interaction, a lack of social or emotional reciprocity. Encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest. A psychological diagnosis is an odd thing to wish for anyone, let alone your significant other. But more than anything, I wanted answers for why Dan felt out of reach when we were together, why even our phone calls could deteriorate into mini verbal landmines, and why I couldn't somehow find some way to get us to have a shared emotional experience, a mirrored sentimentality of love and life or home and hearth. Something so seemingly trivial as a kiss outside a restaurant where we had just had dinner could be risky. I would be heading home, and Dan wanted to stop off at the bar. I’d make a silly, playful comment about parting being such a sweet sorrow, and Dan found it irksome. Finally, I’d call him out for not caring. “It's not true, Pamela.” That's what he would say to me whenever I accused him of not loving me or wanting me. I missed him much of the time even when we were together, and somehow, I would blame myself in the process. After all, it was me with the diagnosis, not him! Yet when he would leave to meet his friends, I felt like the warden helplessly watching a prisoner escape. I wanted something—anything—a diagnosis to make our reoccurring disconnect make sense. I wanted a diagnosis to take on wearing the hat of the culprit. I wanted a diagnosis to blame, something instead of Dan and me. And though I had my own challenges to still work through, I wanted the diagnosis to belong to Dan.

In retrospect, and into the present, the clarity a diagnosis promises is illusory because ultimately, we all find a way to do what we want in life, especially within our closest relationships. Actions speak the loudest, by themselves. Under the refracting and distracting prism of diagnosis, explanation, or etiology, as we professionals call it, still falls woefully short of explanation. Emotional matters like attachment and love cannot be solved solely by looking at someone’s actions or solely through the lens of a diagnosis. Even combining a person’s actions and their diagnosis doesn't promise all the answers. Nothing can offer that promise, not even time.

Sometimes a diagnosis is validation, affirmation, confirmation. Sometimes, a diagnosis tells a patient, “You've been heard. And here is tangible evidence.” In working with couples, if we all get on the same page as to agreeing about the specific problems and, if then, each is capable of articulating the other’s point of view as well as their own, then we can effectively talk about symptoms of a disorder and what each is experiencing. The result is a combination of mutual personal responsibility and empathy.

Jane felt anxious every time Ben didn’t call on time. The two had recently married after a year of dating. Both were in their early forties. It was Ben’s second marriage and Jane’s first. On the heels of Ben’s ultimatum that Jane seek therapy, she called me for an individual appointment. Following an initial double session, per Jane’s request, I scheduled a session for both her and Ben.

The two sat together on my couch and eagerly faced me. They looked prepared, Jane wide-eyed and Ben holding a notebook and pen. Jane was clear that she was looking for understanding from Ben about her recent behavior, however, she then said that even she didn’t fully understand why she did the things she did. Her latest self-identified “stunt” was shutting off her cell phone and checking into a hotel room when Ben failed to call as scheduled. Jane had waited an hour for Ben to break from hanging out with his friends. By the time an hour passed with still no phone call, Jane made herself unavailable until the middle of the night when she came home.

Ben was not experienced with therapy, but said he was open to trying anything in order to save his marriage or come to terms with another divorce. The last part of his statement led to a marked change in Jane’s physical appearance. She became almost feral, in what seemed a ready- to-pounce position. I let the therapeutic silence communicate my acknowledgment of what Ben said and how Jane reacted. Each looked uncomfortable but ready to continue, waiting for my lead.

We agreed that the initial goal was for Jane’s experience of Ben and life in general to be understood—not declared right or wrong, sustainable or not, but solely to hone in on uncovering what her life and her interactions with Ben felt like. We agreed that our focus did not mean Ben was less important or was exempt from responsibility for contributing to their problems and that, in time, we could shift the spotlight to him. We also agreed that I could take license to use psychological material to help strengthen the meaning of what we would be uncovering. They accepted my request to be seventy-five percent clients and twenty-five percent psychology students, learning terms and doing assigned research online.

Fantasy (and Reality) Therapy

Many people plan fantasy vacations, ones that they never take but experience internally at the mere sight of a palm tree or the fleeting sound of notes from a favorite song. In my mind's eye, I used to picture a therapy session that never happened. A session where Dan went alone and met with a male therapist about ten to fifteen years older, just enough to earn the status of wise older brother. Instead of the therapist taking a passive position, providing a psychoeducational lecture on boundaries and intimacy or encouraging Dan in an unfettered, free association-driven monologue, Dan would be challenged to explore his own role in our tumultuous relationship and not engage in diagnostic finger-pointing at me.

My fantasy therapy session for Dan would also include his feeling the same pain I experienced whenever that familiar and predictable disconnect occurred, and deeply breathing into and accepting his own role in that painful process. After a moment of therapeutic silence, Dan would be encouraged by the therapist to describe the disappointment he felt when his father was preoccupied with work and his own financial struggles to the point that he was unavailable for his family, and the disappointment when his first wife started working long hours and decided that married life was interfering with her career. Where was the pain, the abandonment that Dan felt from his own father and later his wife? Letting my fantasy tape roll, the therapist would highlight Dan’s experiences of having felt let down by his own parent and, later, his spouse, and how those painful feelings and memories played out in his future relationship with me. Empathy would follow, and we would be freed to have a relationship grounded in mutual understanding and respect, and the relational skills needed to weather whatever storms lay ahead.

***

The most valuable part of the fantasy therapy session with Dan has been the way that I have since then been able to apply it in both my own personal life and in my therapeutic work. I have learned how it is essential to help clients, particularly those in tumultuous relationships, to understand the other’s point of view. How the emotional upset in one must be met not with withdrawal and distancing, but with even greater empathy and attempts to remain connected. I have come to appreciate that raw and deeply pained emotional and angry outbursts can be, and often are, pleadings for acknowledgment, validation, and acceptance. I have also come to appreciate how avoidance and distancing are just as credible forms of emotional expression as anger and sorrow. With these insights, hard-earned through my own subsequent relationships and my own therapeutic growth, I have had more to offer clients who are playing out similar cycles of withdrawal, anger, and re-connection within their relationships. Where I might have previously rushed to diagnose the shut-down client, in the shadow of my own experiences with Dan, I now lean forward with far greater empathy and hope that they can learn to do the same. I have also learned the importance of expressing my own pain whenever the specter of abandonment rears its ugly head in my intimate relationships, and teach my clients the importance of remaining whole, even when feeling fractured.

Feedback-Focused Couples Counseling

Posted on by Psychotherapy.net Team

In couples counseling, I often share with clients that feedback functions like a two-way street in intimate relationships. There’s a steady flow of information traveling in both directions. If that flow of information were to stop and the cars metaphorically crashed, it would be cause for concern and immediate redress. Therefore, in order to maintain the vitality of their intimacy, each partner must be open to feedback and willing to give it. Most importantly, the goal of feedback is to positively and constructively share needs, requests, desires, and observations for the benefit of the relationship. Yes, there is an element of influence taking place, but it's important to distinguish influence from manipulation. The simplest way to draw a line between these two concepts is by pointing out that influence comes at a cost. To influence your partner, you must, in turn, be willing to be influenced.

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Some time ago I was texting back and forth with a prospective client on whether or not he should engage in counseling. He didn’t see the need for sessions but was willing to do so in order to prove to his wife that he didn’t have a problem. Great reason for counseling, right?! I texted him, “If it matters to the ones who matter to you, then it’s worth doing.” I think the candidness of my message and the practical wisdom behind it caught him off guard. He quickly texted me back and said that was reason enough to try.

Intimate relationships can be catalysts for personal growth. We develop as a people and attune to the rhythm of our partners to greater and greater degrees. Certainly, there are limits to this idea—if your spouse is asking you to become a drug dealer, terrorist, or contract killer, then yes, maybe rethink the relationship. However, couples often get stuck and struggle to really listen to each other when there is a request for change on the table. At these stuck points, I purposely slow the pace of conversation and ask my clients to boil down what their partner is saying. If someone can get past their defensiveness, they realize their partner is, in actuality, asking them to be more consistent, be a better listener, follow a budget, back them up on parenting choices, or equally contribute to household chores. When blame is removed and defensiveness is quieted, partners are typically offering genuine feedback and making reasonable requests of each other. I remind couples that feedback is offered with the intent to make the relationship better, not subordinate one partner to the whims of the other.

Back to the story of the client I was texting. His wife wasn’t willing to continue the relationship because she viewed his behavior as abusive. He strongly disagreed. If he wanted to keep his marriage, he was going to have to reevaluate his behavior. This, as you can imagine, would be a difficult and or challenging thing to do. He asked again why he should do this. I repeated what I said to him in the text: “If it matters to those who matter to you, then do it.” My text exchange was enough to intrigue him, and his wife was impressed with his openness to my challenges, so they decided to come in for a “trial run.”

Sitting down with the two of them, I made the case that out of all people we have to change for, why not your spouse? Every day, we make constant adjustments and changes to our behavior and routines for co-workers, bosses, family members and friends, but when it comes down to spouses, we throw a fit? How does that make sense? I went on to say to the husband, if you aren’t going to receive your wife’s feedback, then who are you going to listen to? She of all people he should trust, especially since she had his best interests in mind. He struggled to receive what she said not because of what the feedback was or who it was from, but because he perceived her feedback as a threat and attack, which always put him on the defensive. He couldn’t hear what she was trying to say. He couldn’t understand the intent behind her words. She gave the feedback that he was not a good listener and it hurt her when she felt unheard. Instead of trying to understand, he’d argue that was actually an excellent listener and it was her fault they couldn’t communicate. That, in fact, she was the problem, not him. His comments betrayed his underlying, hidden assumptions. He did not believe that his relationship was an opportunity for growth, or that he had anything to improve upon. He did not think feedback was necessary for a vital relationship. He could not see the noble intent behind his wife’s feedback. Sad to say, their relationship did not survive.

I keep this unfortunate case in mind when I work with couples. It serves as a real-life example of how important feedback is to the vitality of an intimate relationship. This case motivates me to impress upon my clients early in the therapy process the absolute necessity of feedback.

Some Thoughts on What Makes A Relationship Successful

Posted on by Psychotherapy.net Team

It’s distressing when a patient tells me that they have never observed nor experienced what they would define as a successful romantic relationship. Statements like “Maybe good relationships just don't exist” or “No one in my family ever had a good relationship” usually follow. Many of my patients enter psychotherapy because of relationship-based difficulties, and some of them eventually feel that they are doomed to continuously have trouble or fail in their efforts to enjoy a successful romantic partnership.

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I am often told by clearly disheartened patients that the trajectory of their romantic lives has been downhill. Frustrations and disappointments are said to develop as early as a few years, sometimes even a few months—after the honeymoon ends and “normal life” resumes. One patient told me that he and his wife suffered from the marital equivalent of a “postpartum depression that never ended.” Frequently, to comfort themselves, they suggest that this downward trajectory is “standard,” “everyone's experience.” These assertions, I fear, while primarily designed to self-soothe, also seem to firm up the belief that any long-term romantic relationship is likely to be a doomed enterprise. When I comment that while relationships may change over time, that change does not necessarily imply that a relationship turns from positive to negative, or when I mention that some relationships have been known to deepen and improve with age, some patients look at me in disbelief.

Through my work, I have had the satisfaction of seeing positive outcomes when two people work hard at relationship self-improvement. This enables me to work with a perspective and a conviction about what may be possible that patients in distress—especially in the beginning of the therapeutic process—often lack.

The following are some of the ingredients that I believe help to make and sustain a positive and successful romantic partnership, and that I have sampled in my clinical work.

Handling anger and avoiding arguments: One of the major problems with anger and the arguments that result is that neither partner does much, if anything, to avoid them. Perhaps motivated by the need to prevail or be “right” about the conflict-arousing issue, one or the other person in the couple “takes the bait” and gets hooked into an argument that could have been avoided if one of them had seen to it that the conversation—however emotionally-charged—had remained conversational or been postponed until calm was restored. This is not always easy, but certainly possible.

Listening to each other: Couples in conflict often are so busy preparing their indictment of the other person or their defense of themselves that they simply do not listen and hear what is being said. Thus, their responses are often not responses at all, but their next statement—perhaps entirely unrelated to what was just said to them. This is one of the main reasons, I believe, why too many couples recycle the same issues and arguments over and over and rarely if ever feel as though any conversation (or “attack and defend” exchange) accomplishes anything. Couples often need help to learn to listen to each other so that the dynamic between them changes to one that is productive. That is the goal of good therapy to which I aspire in my couples work.

Saying “I'm sorry”: I continue to be amazed at how difficult this is for so many of the people with whom I have worked both in and out of romantic partnerships. I often hear statements like “I know it's the right thing to do, and I feel sorry…I just can't say it!” Such responses suggest the likelihood that the person might feel “weak” or “defeated” if they publicly acknowledge their sorrow or regret.

Expressing Gratitude: When partners in a couple feel and express their gratitude or appreciation for each other, each of them feels cherished and valued, and it enhances the relationship. Expressions of appreciation do not have to be confined to major gestures or actions. “Thank you, honey, for feeding the dog” or “I really appreciate your picking up my prescription” can be just as meaningful as a thank you for a monumental gift or kindness.

Changing: By this I am referring to what might be considered the “little things” that become big when they persist over time. These are the kinds of changes that, with some effort, might be easy to accomplish with far greater dividends than the investment required to achieve them. If a wife tells her husband, for example, that she really appreciates getting a greeting card on her birthday and her anniversary, I am bewildered by the husband’s seeming refusal to gratify her, regardless of whether it means anything to him. If a husband informs his wife that he would not like to be interrupted by phone calls during his gym workout unless there is an emergency, I am similarly bewildered by her not cooperating and calling about nonessential matters during that time. When people feel ignored or, worse, devalued by their partners, resentments develop that can become toxic to the relationship.

Treating each other as special: A wife with whom I worked complained that upon leaving a party, her husband helped every other woman guest with her coat—except her. When she questioned him about this, his reply was “Well, that's because you're my wife!” Her response: “That's the point!” That she felt taken for granted was not surprising. Moments like this may be insignificant if they are infrequent, but if they typify an attitude or are common in the relationship, they have the potential to cause diminished regard and affection for the offending partner.

Hurting with words: The damage potential of comments made in the heat of battle is extremely high. There is a tendency on the part of the offending partner to dismiss or trivialize those remarks afterwards. Saying “I didn't really mean it, I was just angry,” often makes things worse, especially if there is no sincere apology attached. Words can cause wounds and may not easily heal when calm is restored. They are often referenced when a subsequent argument occurs, i.e. “I'll never forget the time you told me to ‘drop dead.’”

***


In my work with couples, these are but a few of what I consider to be “ingredients” of a successful romantic relationship—aspirational for some couples, attainable for others, and sadly out of reach for still others. I have worked most successfully when some or all of these ingredients have been utilized by both partners and when they remember that the person with whom they are having conflict may be the very person whom they love the most, and who loves them similarly.
 

Coping with Infidelity in Professional Couples

Posted on by Psychotherapy.net Team

Couples seek therapy for many reasons, but among the thorniest issues are those involving infidelity. Of course, circumstances vary widely, so it’s difficult to isolate causes that are equally relevant for all. Given that, I’ll focus on themes that have emerged with some professional couples with whom I have worked that have been married for some time (10+ years), with demanding careers, and for whom these issues arise after having children.

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They may have met in college or graduate school. They became fast friends first, and they never imagined that would change. Both were career-minded and imagined living a life of significance, healthier and happier than that of their parents. They recognized one another as good, bright and hard-working persons. They felt heard, understood, and supported. They shared a vision of life.

Then, as the demands of their careers pulled them into individual tracks of ambition and responsibility, and as they began to have children, their friendship suffered—intimacy too. It wasn’t fully conscious yet, but they had become rutted in role-based “necessities” of duty and obligation. A shift occurred from a vital pursuit of happiness to accountabilities to children, home, and career—life felt burdensome.

The Sources of Disenchantment

The relative ease with which life’s demands were managed in the early, pre-parental years were gone. Back then, there was more time, unpressured and less distracted opportunities to talk. Everything was easier then, even though financial resources were limited. So, what had their success really purchased?

The couple was left feeling that life had somehow gotten away from them. They were overwhelmed and learning that feelings are a complex and nuanced form of meaning, confusing enough to experience let alone to articulate. It was easier when there was more breathing space, when they could get away for a weekend of hiking or big-city stimulation. Sometimes that alone, without talk was enough.

Taking on work-related duties, struggling to realize career aspirations, life became more serious. Then, with kids and parenting added to the mix, along with the financial demands of mortgage, child care, and interruption to a second income; it all added up to a loss of the enchanted vision of life they had in the beginning. Exchanges became strained. Soon they decided it just wasn’t worth the effort to argue.
They began wondering “is this all there is?” Exhausted by work strain, stressed by unrelenting demands, and lacking the friendship they once provided one another, they began to foreclose on the possibility of making things better. But settling is not very satisfying is it? Thus, arises the restless yearning.

Desperate Delusions

For these couples there is seldom a desire to abandon one’s partner. Very few had seriously considered divorce even as they began to look elsewhere for affection. Intact bonds remained that coexisted with urgent needs for emotional intimacy. They could not see a way to reconnect within the marriage. It’s a cognitive, emotional, and moral quandary that they’re unable to resolve, it looks impossible.
That’s where the desperation comes in. It may be equally felt by both members of the couple. But neither is able to frame the issues, broach the conversation, and make them “discussable.” They’ve learned (come to believe) that contentious tones, demanding voices and fault-finding quickly follows. So, they conclude, “I can’t meet my needs here; the situation won’t allow it.”

What they believe they cannot achieve in reality, they seek to address through fantasy and delusion, or perhaps more benignly framed—wishful thinking. Yes, there’s also the sense that they deserve something more and better given how hard they’re working. So, they seek “justice” through a kind of “let’s pretend.” They want to believe that there’ll be no harm as long as no one finds out. Sometimes drinking helps contain the cognitive dissonance. It’s regression in service of play, to invoke Freud, and a symptom of arrested development in the marriage.

The Bubble Bursts, Work Begins

When the truth comes out, a period of crisis ensues. Soon it becomes clear that the act of infidelity only ruptured a relationship that was already suffering from deep, long-standing strains. Upon reflection, both knew things were not going the way they wanted them to. In some cases, partners had even taken separate bedrooms, started vacationing separately, becoming more roommate than spouse.
But the initial disclosure brings jolting pain. Anger, embarrassment, and betrayal are only a few of the emotions that should be expected. It’s not a victimless act. The aggrieved party is deeply hurt. And the unfaithful party frequently suffers a different shame and loss of self-respect that he or she must endure without much sympathy while seeking redemption and forgiveness.

The saving grace for many of these couples is that they usually have reason enough to at least attempt reconciliation and repair. And if they seek help soon enough, before acting out their emotions in ways that make their problem even more difficult to address, their odds improve immensely. Because they are bright and hard-working, they may be able to use that ethic to persevere with the task at hand in some or all of the following ways.

Containment. The couple must have a safe place to process their feelings, and therapy must help them learn how to do even more of this outside the consulting room. Initially, they’ll struggle with managing the intensity of their exchanges outside of therapy.

Learning. The couple must now acquire the interpersonal communications skills to navigate emotionally charged conversations that they had earlier concluded were not possible. They will learn that doing good in their relationship requires knowing how to do good.

Forgiveness. Learning that infidelity is at least partly attributable to arrested development as a couple, a lack of insight, knowledge, skill, and hope concerning what was missing and how to correct it, helps both find a way to forgive.

Forgiveness is something we do for ourselves as much as for our partner. When we lose our capacity for the love, openness, and honesty to discuss the divide that is growing between us, it is not because we willfully intend to do harm to one another. We fail due to our fears and ignorance, our desperation and loss of hope. We lose the ability to focus more on coulds than shoulds.

This is what they learn in therapy.  

Therapy with a Condom On

Posted on by Psychotherapy.net Team

Editor's note: The following is an excerpt taken from Maybe You Should Talk to Someone: A Therapist, Her Therapist and Our Lives Revealed, by Lori Gottlieb, published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt © 2019 and reprinted with permission of the publisher.

Shall We Skype?

“Hi, it’s me,” I hear as I listen to my voicemails between sessions. My stomach lurches; it’s Boyfriend. Though it’s been three months since we’ve spoken, his voice instantly transports me back in time, like hearing a song from the past. But as the message continues, I realize it’s not Boyfriend because (a) Boyfriend wouldn’t call my office number and (b) Boyfriend doesn’t work on a TV show.

This “me” is John (eerily, Boyfriend and John have similar voices, deep and low) and it’s the first time a patient has called my office without leaving a name. He does this as if he’s the only patient I have, not to mention the only “me” in my life. Even suicidal patients will leave their names. I’ve never gotten Hi, it’s me. You told me to call if I was feeling like killing myself.

John says in his message that he can’t make our session today because he’s stuck at the studio, so he’ll be Skyping in instead. He gives me his Skype handle, then says, “Talk to you at three.”

I note that he doesn’t ask if we can Skype or inquire whether I do Skype sessions in the first place. He just assumes it will happen because that’s how the world works for him. And while I’ll Skype with patients under certain circumstances, I think it’s a bad idea with John. So much of what I’m doing to help him relies on our in-the-room interaction. Say what you will about the wonders of technology, but “screen-to-screen is, as a colleague once said, “like doing therapy with a condom on.””

It’s not just the words people say or even the visual cues that therapists notice in person–the foot that shakes, the subtle facial twitch, the quivering lower lip, the eyes narrowing in anger. Beyond hearing and seeing, there’s something less tangible but equally important— the energy in the room, the being together. You lose that ineffable dimension when you aren’t sharing the same physical space.

There’s also the issue of glitches. I was once on a Skype session with a patient who was in Asia temporarily, and just as she began crying hysterically, the volume went out. All I saw was her mouth moving, but she didn’t know that I couldn’t hear what she was saying. Before I could get that across, the connection dropped entirely. It took ten minutes to restore the Skype, and by then not only was the moment lost but our time had run out.

I send John a quick email offering to reschedule, but he types back a message that reads like a modern-day telegram: Can’t w8. Urgent. Please. I’m surprised by the please and even more by his acknowledgment of needing urgent help–of needing me, rather than treating me as dispensable. So, I say okay, we’ll Skype at three.

Something, I figure, must be up.

At three, I open Skype and click “call,” expecting to find John sitting in an office at a desk. Instead, the call connects and I’m looking into a familiar house. It’s familiar to me because it’s one of the main sets of a TV show that Boyfriend and I used to binge-watch on my sofa, arms and legs entwined. Here, camera and lighting people are moving about, and I’m staring at the interior of a bedroom I’ve seen a million times. John’s face comes into view. “Hang on a second” is how he greets me, and then his face disappears and I’m looking at his feet. Today he’s wearing trendy checkered sneakers, and he seems to be walking somewhere while carrying me with him. Presumably he’s looking for privacy. Along with his shoes, I see thick electrical wires on the floor and hear a commotion in the background. Then John’s face reappears.

“Okay,” he says. “I’m ready.”

There’s a wall behind him now, and he starts rapid-fire whispering.

“It’s Margo and her idiot therapist. I don’t know how this person has a license but he’s making things worse, not better. She was supposed to be getting help for her depression but instead she’s getting more upset with me: I’m not available, I’m not listening, I’m distant, I avoid her, I forgot something on the calendar. Did I tell you that she created a shared Google calendar to make sure I won’t forget things that are ‘important’”—with his free hand, John does an air quote as he says the word important—“so now I’m even more stressed because my calendar is filled with Margo’s things and I’ve already got a packed schedule!”

John has gone over this with me before so I’m not sure what the urgency is about today. Initially he had lobbied Margo to see a therapist (“So she can complain to him”) but once she started going, “John often told me that this “idiot therapist” was “brainwashing” his wife and “putting crazy ideas in her head.”” My sense has been that the therapist is helping Margo gain more clarity about what she will and will not put up with and that this exploration has been long overdue. I mean, it can’t be easy being married to John.

At the same time, I empathize with John because his reaction is common. Whenever one person in a family system starts to make changes, even if the changes are healthy and positive, it’s not unusual for other members in the system to do everything they can to maintain the status quo and bring things back to homeostasis. If an addict stops drinking, for instance, family members often unconsciously sabotage that person’s recovery, because in order to regain homeostasis in the system, somebody has to fill the role of the troubled person. And who wants that role? Sometimes people even resist positive changes in their friends: Why are you going to the gym so much? Why can’t you stay out late—you don’t need more sleep! Why are you working so hard for that promotion? You’re no fun anymore!

If John’s wife becomes less depressed, how can John keep his role as the sane one in the couple? If she tries to get close in healthier ways, how can he preserve the comfortable distance he has so masterfully managed all of these years? I’m not surprised that John is having a negative reaction to Margo’s therapy. Her therapist seems to be doing a good job.

“So,” John continues, “last night, Margo asks me to come to bed, and I tell her I’ll be there in a minute, I have to answer a few emails. Normally after about two minutes she’ll be all over me—Why aren’t you coming to bed? Why are you always working? But last night, she doesn’t do any of that. And I’m amazed! I think, Jesus Christ, something’s finally working in her therapy, because she’s realizing that nagging me about coming to bed isn’t going to get me in bed any faster. So, I finish my emails, but when I get in bed, Margo’s asleep. Anyway, this morning, when we wake up, Margo says, ‘I’m glad you got your work done, but I miss you. I miss you a lot. I just want you to know that I miss you.’”

John turns to his left and now I hear what he hears—a nearby conversation about lighting—and without his saying a word, I’m staring at John’s sneakers again as they move across the floor. When I see his face appear this time, the wall behind him is gone, and now the star of the TV series is in the distant background in the upper-right corner of my screen, laughing with his on-camera nemesis along with the love interest he verbally abuses on the show. (I’m sure John is the one who writes this character).

I love these actors, so now I’m squinting at the three of them through my screen like I’m one of those people behind the ropes at the Emmys trying to get a glimpse of a celebrity—except this isn’t the red carpet and I’m watching them take sips from water bottles while they chat between scenes. The paparazzi would kill for this view, I think, and it takes massive will-power to focus solely on John.

“Anyway,” he whispers, “I knew it was too good to be true. I thought she was being understanding last night, but of course the complaining starts up again first thing this morning. So I say, ‘You miss me? What kind of guilt trip is that?’ I mean, I’m right here. I’m here every night. I’m one hundred percent loyal. Never cheated, never will. I provide a nice living. I’m an involved father. I even take care of the dog because Margo says she hates walking around with plastic bags of poop. And when I’m not there, I’m working. It’s not like I’m off in Cabo all day. So, I tell her I can quit my job and she can miss me less because I’ll be twiddling my thumbs at home, or I can keep my job and we’ll have a roof over our heads.” He yells “I’ll just be a minute!” to someone I can’t see and then continues. “And you know what she does when I say this? She says, all Oprah-like”—here he does a dead-on impression of Oprah—“‘I know you do a lot, and I appreciate that, but I also miss you even when you’re here.’”

I try to speak but John plows on. I haven’t seen him this stirred up before.

“So, for a second I’m relieved, because normally she’d yell at this point, but then I realize what’s going on. This sounds nothing like Margo. She’s up to something! And sure enough, she says, ‘I really need you to hear this.’ And I say, ‘I hear it, okay? I’m not deaf. I’ll try to come to bed earlier but I have to get my work done first.’ But then she gets this sad look on her face, like she’s about to cry, and it kills me when she gets that look, because I don’t want to make her sad. The last thing I want to do is disappoint her. But before I can say anything, she says, ‘I need you to hear how much I miss you because if you don’t hear it, I don’t know how much longer I can keep telling you.’ So I say, ‘We’re threatening each other now?’ and she says, ‘It’s not a threat, it’s the truth.’” John’s eyes become saucers and his free hand juts into the air, palm up, as if to say, can you believe this shit?

“I don’t think she’d actually do it,” he goes on, “but it shocked me because neither of us has ever threatened to leave before. When we got married we always said that no matter how angry we got, we would never threaten to leave, and in twelve years, we haven’t.” He looks to his right. “Okay, Tommy, let me take a look—.”

John stops talking and suddenly I’m staring at his sneakers again. When he finishes with Tommy, he starts walking somewhere. A minute later his face pops up; he’s in front of another wall.

My Idiot Therapist?

“John,” I say. “Let’s take a step back. First, I know you’re upset by what Margo said —.”

“What Margo said? It’s not even her! It’s her idiot therapist acting as her ventriloquist! She loves this guy. She quotes him all the time, like he’s her fucking guru. He probably serves Kool-Aid in the waiting room, and women all over the city are divorcing their husbands because they’re drinking this guy’s bullshit! I looked him up just to see what his credentials are and, sure enough, some moron therapy board gave him a license. Wendell Bronson, P-h-fucking-D.”

Wait.
Wendell Bronson?
!
!!
!!!!
!!!!!!!

Margo is seeing my Wendell? The “idiot therapist” is Wendell? My mind explodes. I wonder where on the couch Margo chose to sit on her first day. I wonder if Wendell tosses her tissue boxes or if she sits close enough to reach them herself. I wonder if we’ve ever passed each other on the way in or out (the pretty crying woman from the waiting room?). I wonder if she’s ever mentioned my name in her own therapy— “John has this awful therapist, Lori Gottlieb, who said . . .” But then I remember that John is keeping his therapy a secret from Margo—I’m the “hooker” he pays in cash—and right now, I’m tremendously grateful for this circumstance. I don’t know what to do with this information, so I do what therapists are taught to do when we’re having a complicated reaction to something and need more time to understand it. I do nothing—for the moment. I’ll get consultation on this later.

“Let’s stay with Margo for a second,” I say, as much to myself as to John. “I think what she said was sweet. She must really love you.”

“Huh? She’s threatening to leave!”

“Well, let’s look at it another way,” I say. “We’ve talked before about how there’s a difference between a criticism and a complaint, how the former contains judgment while the latter contains a request. But a complaint can also be an unvoiced compliment. I know that what Margo says often feels like a series of complaints. And they are—but they’re sweet complaints because inside each complaint, she’s giving you a compliment. The presentation isn’t optimal, but she’s saying that she loves you. She wants more of you. She misses you. She’s asking you to come closer. And now she’s saying that the experience of wanting to be with you and not having that reciprocated is so painful that she might not be able to tolerate it because she loves you so much.” I wait to let him absorb that last part. “That’s quite a compliment.”

I’m always working with John on identifying his in-the-moment feelings, because feelings lead to behaviors. Once we know what we’re feeling, we can make choices about where we want to go with them. But if we push them away the second they appear, often we end up veering off in the wrong direction, getting lost yet again in the land of chaos.

Men tend to be at a disadvantage here because they aren’t typically raised to have a working knowledge of their internal worlds; it’s less socially acceptable for men to talk about their feelings. While women feel cultural pressure to keep up their physical appearance, men feel that pressure to keep up their emotional appearance. Women tend to confide in friends or family members, but when men tell me how they feel in therapy, I’m almost always the first person they’ve said it to. Like my female patients, men struggle with marriage, self-esteem, identity, success, their parents, their childhoods, being loved and understood—and yet these topics can be tricky to bring up in any meaningful way with their male friends. It’s no wonder that the rates of substance abuse and suicide in middle-aged men continue to increase. Many men don’t feel they have any other place to turn.

So, I let John take his time to sort out his feelings about Margo’s “threat” and the softer message that might be behind it. I haven’t seen him sit with his feelings this long before, and I’m impressed that he’s able to do so now. John’s eyes have darted down and to the side, which is what usually happens with someone when what I’m saying touches someplace vulnerable, and I’m glad. It’s impossible to grow without first becoming vulnerable. It looks like he’s still really taking this in, that for the first time, his impact on Margo is resonating.

Finally, John looks back up at me. “Hi, sorry, I had to mute you back there. They were taping. I missed that. What were you saying?” Un-fucking-believable. I’ve been, quite literally, talking to myself. No wonder Margo wants to leave! I should have listened to my gut and had John reschedule an in-person session, but I got sucked in by his urgent plea.

“John,” I say, “I really want to help you with this, but I think this is too important to talk about on Skype. Let’s schedule a time for you to come in so there aren’t so many distract —”

“Oh, no, no, no, no, no,” he interrupts. “This can’t wait. I just had to give you the background first so you can talk to him.”

“To . . .”

“The idiot therapist! Clearly he’s only hearing one side of the story, and not a very accurate side at that. But you know me. You can vouch for me. You can give this guy some perspective before Margo really goes nuts.”

I Won’t Do It!

I noodle this scenario around in my head: John wants me to call my own therapist to discuss why my patient isn’t happy with the therapy my therapist is doing with my patient’s wife.

Um, no.

Even if Wendell weren’t my therapist, I wouldn’t make this call. Sometimes, I’ll call another therapist to discuss a patient if, say, I’m seeing a couple and a colleague is seeing one member of the couple, and there’s a compelling reason to exchange information (somebody is suicidal or potentially violent, or we’re working on something in one setting that it would be helpful to have reinforced in another, or we want to get a broader perspective). But on these rare occasions, the parties will have signed releases to this effect. Wendell or no Wendell, I can’t call up the therapist of my patient’s wife for no clinically relevant reason and without both patients signing consent forms.

“Let me ask you something,” I say to John. “What?”

“Do you miss Margo?”

“Do I miss her?”

“Yes.”

“You’re not going to call Margo’s therapist, are you?”

“I’m not, and you’re not going to tell me how you really feel about Margo, are you?” I have a feeling that there’s a lot of buried love between John and Margo because I know this; love can often look like so many things that don’t seem like love.

John smiles as I see somebody who I assume is Tommy again enter the frame holding a script. I’m flipped toward the ground with such speed that I get dizzy, as if I’m on a roller coaster that just took a quick dive. Staring at John’s shoes, I hear some back-and-forth about whether the character—my favorite!—is supposed to be a complete asshole in this scene or maybe have some awareness that he’s being an asshole (interestingly, John picks awareness) and then Tommy thanks John and leaves. To my amusement, John seems perfectly pleasant, apologizing to Tommy for his absence and explaining to him that he’s busy “putting out a fire with the network.” (I’m “the network”). Maybe he’s polite to his coworkers after all.

Or maybe not. He waits for Tommy to leave, then lifts me up to face level again and mouths, Idiot, rolling his eyes in Tommy’s direction.

“I just don’t understand how her therapist, who’s a guy, can’t see both sides of this,” he continues. “Even you can see both sides of this!”

Even me? I smile. “Was that a compliment you just gave me?”

“No offense. I just meant…you know.”

I do know, but I want him to say it. “In his own way, he’s becoming attached to me”, and I want him to stay in his emotional world a bit longer. But John goes back to his tirade about Margo pulling the wool over her therapist’s eyes and how Wendell is a quack because his sessions are only forty-five minutes, not the typical fifty. (This bugs me too, by the way). It occurs to me that John is talking about Wendell the way a husband might talk about a man his wife has a crush on. I think he’s jealous and feels left out of whatever goes on between Margo and Wendell in that room. (I’m jealous too! Does Wendell laugh at Margo’s jokes? Does he like her better?) I want to bring John back to that moment when he almost connected with me.

“I’m glad that you feel understood by me,” I say. John gets a deer-in-the-headlights look on his face for a second, then moves on.

“All I want to know is how to deal with Margo.”

“She already told you,” I say. “She misses you. I can see from our experience together how skilled you are at pushing away people who care about you. I’m not leaving, but Margo’s saying she might. So maybe you’ll try something different with her. Maybe you’ll let her know that you miss her too.” I pause. “Because I might be wrong, but I think you do miss her.”

He shrugs, and this time when he looks down, I’m not on mute. “I miss the way we were,” he says.

His expression is sad instead of angry now. Anger is the go-to feeling for most people because it’s outward-directed—angrily blaming others can feel deliciously sanctimonious. But often it’s only the tip of the iceberg, and if you look beneath the surface, you’ll glimpse submerged feelings you either weren’t aware of or didn’t want to show—fear, helplessness, envy, loneliness, insecurity. And if you can tolerate these deeper feelings long enough to understand them and listen to what they’re telling you, you’ll not only manage your anger in more productive ways, you also won’t be so angry all the time.

Of course, anger serves another function—it pushes people away and keeps them from getting close enough to see you. I wonder if John needs people to be angry at him so that they won’t see his sadness.

I start to speak, but somebody yells John’s name, startling him. The phone slips out of his hand and careens toward the floor, but just as I feel like my face might hit the ground, John catches it, bringing himself back into view. “Crap–gotta go!” he says. Then, under his breath: “Fucking morons.” And the screen goes blank.

Apparently, our session is over.

Ethics Over Coffee

With time to spare before my next session, I head into the kitchen for a snack. Two of my colleagues are there. Hillary is making tea. Mike’s eating a sandwich.

“Hypothetically,” I say, “what would you do if your patient’s wife was seeing your therapist, and your patient thought your therapist was an idiot?”

They look up at me, eyebrows raised. Hypotheticals in this kitchen are never hypothetical.

“I’d switch therapists,” Hillary says.

“I’d keep my therapist and switch patients,” Mike says. They both laugh.

“No, really,” I say. “What would you do? It gets worse: He wants me to talk to my therapist about his wife. His wife doesn’t know he’s in therapy yet, so it’s a non-issue now, but what if at some point he tells her and then wants me to consult with my therapist about his wife, and his wife consents? Do I have to disclose that he’s my therapist?”

“Absolutely,” Hillary says.

“Not necessarily,” Mike says at the same time.

“Exactly,” I say. “It’s not clear. And you know why it’s not clear? Because this kind of thing NEVER HAPPENS! When has something like this ever happened?”

Hillary pours me some tea.

“I once had two people come to me individually for therapy right after they’d separated,” Mike says. “They had different last names and listed different addresses because of the separation, so I didn’t know they were married until the second session with each of them, when I realized I was hearing the same stories from different sides. Their mutual friend, who was a former patient, gave both of them my name. I had to refer them out.”

“Yeah,” I say, “but this isn’t two patients with a conflict of interest. My therapist is mixed up in this. What are the odds of that?”

I notice Hillary looking away. “What?” I say.

“Nothing.”

Mike looks at her. She blushes. “Spill it,” he says.

Hillary sighs. “Okay. About twenty years ago, when I was first starting out, I was seeing a young guy for depression. I felt like we were making progress, but then the therapy seemed to stall. I thought he wasn’t ready to move forward, but really I just didn’t have enough experience and was too green to know the difference. Anyway, he left, and about a year later, I ran into him at my therapist’s.”

Mike grins. “Your patient left you for your own therapist?”

Hillary nods. “The funny thing is, in therapy, I talked about how stuck I was with this patient and how helpless I felt when he left. I’m sure the patient later told my therapist about his inept former therapist and used my name at some point. My therapist had to have put two and two together.” I think about this in relation to the Wendell situation. “But your therapist never said anything?”

“Never,” Hillary says. “So, one day I brought it up. But of course, she can’t say that she sees this guy, so we kept the conversation focused on how I deal with the insecurities of being a new therapist. Pfft. My feelings? Whatever. I was just dying to know how their therapy was going and what she did differently with him that worked better.”

“You’ll never know,” I say.

Hillary shakes her head. “I’ll never know.”

“We’re like vaults,” Mike says. “You can’t break us.”

Hillary turns to me. “So, are you going to tell your therapist?” “Should I?”

They both shrug. Mike glances at the clock, tosses his trash into the can. Hillary and I take our last sips of tea. It’s time for our next sessions. One by one, the green lights on the kitchen’s master panel go on, and we file out to retrieve our patients from the waiting room. 

Let’s Meet in the Middle

Posted on by Psychotherapy.net Team

We all want our feelings to be understood. But even if we have a significant other with whom we feel understood, we may find that we become misaligned as career and family life evolve and change. Nowhere is this more true than with professional couples and dual-career families as they take on new role-based challenges.

Recent research¹ indicates that the dynamics affecting the quality of a couple’s relationship stem from differences in motivation (approach/avoidance orientations) and patterns of interpersonal behavior. I look at both factors in the case of Meg and Paul, two highly educated professionals, each with histories of neglect in childhood. What I also consider is a style of engagement that seems well-matched to the experience and expectations of professional couples.

Couples Issues

By the time strain and conflict have become chronic, partners have often done a good deal of blaming and fault-finding with one another. It doesn’t help, but it’s almost unavoidable, as people lose their capacity to see things as they really are. Only later, after bumping up against the reality that they are stuck and that it's probably not entirely their or their partner’s fault, might they conclude that outside help, objectivity and perspective are needed.

I believe we can learn a great deal from working through our issues—their causes, course, and resolution—as couples. Doing so not only makes us happier in our couples, it makes us smarter managers, leaders and collaborators in the workplace. But of course, these truths can seem rather remote when we are in the throes of relational conflict and cannot yet see a pathway forward.

Even with awareness of our need for help, we retain the need to protect ourselves against being found lacking. We may privately hope that a therapist will take our side and that we’ll be vindicated. Couples are often ambivalent, wanting perspective but simultaneously maintaining defenses. Disarming them is about eliminating threats to emotional safety and ensuring that each person has the chance to be heard. To satisfy these conditions, we must be an empathic and assertive mediating presence.

Being heard, in this context, is more than an auditory task, and it involves more than an exchange between therapist and patient. When therapists listen actively, they provide a hearing for all three persons in the room. As the therapist and couple together reflect upon this active listening process, the couple notices how different it is than what normally happens in their exchanges at home. Thus, safety and learning depend upon how the therapist facilitates, moderates and contains the listening process.

Individual or Couples Therapy

There are times when individual therapy prior to or in addition to conjoint therapy may be indicated. When either or both members of the couple suffer from an acute mood disorder or chronic mental health problems, their capacity to participate in couples therapy may be limited. And sometimes they just can’t believe that something different and good can come from discussing their issues with their partner, not yet. But I’ve found that they’re likely to underestimate their readiness to participate in couples therapy.

In my practice, I work mostly with professional couples, the same demographic I’ve served for over 25 years in my executive coaching practice. When it comes to helping relationships, they seem to welcome an active, norm-setting agent who is willing to reign in behaviors that threaten conditions of safety and openness, or that derail productive engagement. Their basic ego strength is usually adequate. They tend to default to a practical sense of urgency to “fix” things. While their impatience and an action bias can impede progress, initially I find it helpful to leverage these attitudes to generate motivation.

They may be more skeptical and scared than they’re willing to admit, but they know they need help. They haven’t found a way to do it themselves. So, the therapist must find ways to intervene early, to validate their decision to seek therapy, and to change the way they communicate and interact. When we can model a tolerance for conflict and an ability to notice and discuss how their polarized attitudes and behaviors operate reciprocally to sustain conflict, we earn credibility. And that’s critical. Professional couples more than others will be looking for evidence that we’re competent.

Meg and Paul

When I met Paul, he was presenting with anxiety stemming from work and marriage. He was on an SSRI for anxiety and on Ritalin for ADHD. He reported a childhood replete with dysfunction and less than good-enough parenting. Raised in a small town in Alabama, he adapted by retreating to a rich imagination and creative talents, later attending a top art school in the Northeast and then settling in Brooklyn. I didn’t have to tell him his family of origin was dysfunctional. He knew it and ran as fast as he could to escape it.

Soon, it became clear that adapting at work (from artist to manager) was not nearly as challenging as making things work at home with Meg. Like Paul, Meg had a history of insecure attachment, growing up in a pastor’s home in rural Connecticut. After a failed marriage that produced two boys, she met and married Paul, who hadn’t had much success in dating or sexual intimacy. She, too, was bright and won a scholarship to an Ivy League college, but she had responded differently to childhood issues.

Meg was a fighter with an excitable temperament and a penchant for order and control. Both had suffered neglect, but Paul had taken a route of pathological accommodation and escape, while Meg had gone the way of rebellion and escape. Neither had healed the wounds of neglect. As their lives became more complicated by a third child, increased financial demands, chronic patterns of conflict and naïve hopes gave way to long-standing vulnerabilities, and each sought individual therapy.

The Circumplex Emerges

When Meg and Paul came in for their intake interview, the tension was almost immediately manifest. Sitting at either end of my six-foot sofa, they made no attempt to conceal the distance that had grown between them. I asked them to tell me what caused them to seek therapy at this time and suggested that Paul, the meeker of the two, talk first. He spoke carefully, haltingly at times, always rounding if not blunting the point of the issues he raised. I conjured an image of one navigating a minefield.

Meg sat stern-faced with arms crossed as he spoke, casting dismissive glances his way as he struggled to express himself. There was eye-rolling too, which caused me to wonder how far he got in speaking his mind at home. It was all she could do to limit her dissent to nonverbal communications as Paul spoke. Then, when it was her turn, Meg’s voice rose in angry criticism. Her first aim was to correct Paul. As she flushed with anger, Paul went pale with fear.

Her fault-finding with Paul was peppered with global accusations prefaced by “you never” and “you always.” She painted a picture of his inconsiderateness, broken promises and selfishness. Neglected as a child, she suffered it again in her marriage to Paul. Her voice rose well above the norms for my office–yes, I have such norms. So, I intervened. With a hand gesture signaling a timeout, I said, “Meg, do you have any idea how overwhelming your energy is right now?” She halted and I continued, “You’ll have to turn it down a bit if we are to communicate.”

She was taken aback and flushed from red to rose as a sudden pause prevailed. Paul sat quietly, still pale, anxiously awaiting the next steps. I can imagine the reader might wonder about the force of my presence and the effects of my behavior. Most of my clients (consulting practice) and patients (clinical practice) describe me as down-to-earth, caring, sincere and constructive. Even in my most direct moments I believe they recognize a positive intent in my face, words, and actions.

I expressed a grounded confidence. I assured them that they need not accept nor reject anything I said too quickly. I encouraged them to simply consider how it might be relevant for them. My tone with Meg and Paul was neither harsh nor timid. It was not aggressive; it was assertive. It was not out of control; it was tempered and composed. My first intervention was to invoke norms of propriety in the consulting room. This atmosphere of civility became the defining quality of dyadic communication in the therapy.

After the “flareup” was extinguished, discussion resumed. I asked how representative this episode was of the problems they’d been experiencing. They admitted that it was all too common. The difference was that at home Paul would usually not get the initial words out. Rather, Meg would define the violation Paul had committed (being late or forgetting an errand), and he would go quiet, retreat for a while, and then later try to explain himself and perhaps become defensive.

Meg would later remark on how being with Paul was like having another child. Paul didn’t agree with this characterization, but fighting it only meant extending the quarrel. So, he usually quit at this point, believing it was not worth the pain and wouldn’t change the outcome anyway. The more she played the role of his parent, the more he was cast in the role of a child.

We used the interpersonal circumplex² to consider this chronic pattern. I have found this model quite useful with couples. It plots interpersonal behavior in two-dimensional space using two axes, Dominant/Submissive and Friendly/Hostile. Using the model, we’re able to see how our expressed behavior is likely to “pull” a style of behavior from others. On the one hand, a dominant expression tends to pull a submissive response, and a submissive expressive style pulls a dominant response. On the other hand, friendly and hostile expressions seem to invite others to respond in suit. So, how did this apply to Meg and Paul?

They had been interacting in the hostile side of the circumplex, Paul from the submissive area (passive style) and Meg from the dominant area (aggressive style). We also observed that my intervention came from the friendly dominant area (assertive style). Finally, we noticed that the pause arose from the “neutral” space in the middle of the circumplex as a pause for reflection on communication style. Thus, the title of this article and my suggestion to couples that when they notice tension building, and before it becomes entrenched conflict, they tell themselves that it may be time to “meet in the middle.”

Communication Styles Chart

 Figure 2 Communication Styles (Penberthy, 2016)
 


About Motivation

Of the many ways to characterize motivation, a fundamental way of conceptualizing it is through the approach/avoidance paradigm. It’s been around since Neo-Freudian thinkers like Karen Horney, Erik Erikson and Harry Stack Sullivan, and builds upon the interpersonal point of view. It gained even more support from the observational studies of mother-infant attachment. Its central thesis is that we are essentially social beings with needs for connection and intimacy. As adults, these needs manifest in our intimate relationships with others, and also in our interdependency in the workplace.

“What we learn early in life from caregiver relationships shapes our beliefs and expectations about what is possible and probable”. When our caregivers are attentive and available, and as we and they learn how to jointly navigate nonverbally and pre-cognitively in ways that satisfy our needs, we develop a sense of trust: “I can rely on others to care, to read my behaviors, and when they fail, they don’t abandon me. No, they persist until my needs or insecurities are resolved.”

Such successes in adaptive learning and development promote an approach orientation. This includes beliefs that most problems can be solved with help, and that those with whom we share our lives at home and at work are usually willing and able to be helpful. We act from a benevolent hypothesis about others’ motivations and with optimistic beliefs about what we can do with their help. But absent this positive early-life experience, we may approach relationships with less trust and positivity, with more suspicion or doubt, and often with fears of abandonment.

Patterns of Avoidance

In the case of Meg and Paul, we observed histories of maltreatment that would understandably lead to lower expectations of what might be possible in relationships. They might look for (project) evidence of the betrayal and mistrust they experienced early in life in the contemporary behaviors of those they hoped would be there for them.

For Meg, it was an ostensibly kind and service-oriented father (pastor) who seemed to have little time and interest for her needs. He turned his attentions elsewhere, perhaps in ways that won him esteem in the eyes of those he helped. And her hopes of finding enduring love with her first husband failed. Like her father, he was “selfish.” And now, as life’s demands on Paul increased, she saw him too as neglecting her out self-interest. It was reinforced daily when he arrived home late or forgot to stop at the market.

Meg had been on alert for signs of neglect since she was a little girl, all to guard against more rejection, and she found them in her adult relationships with men. We could describe this motivational orientation as avoidance. She might ask Paul to do things, but her expectations of his delivering on these requests were very low. She was fully armed to express her anger and mistrust of him every time he fell short. In her eyes, he was breaking a promise, and she wasn’t taking it anymore. She increasingly threatened divorce in her moments of peak anger and frustration.

Paul’s mode of avoidance was more obvious. It was based on his fear of conflict learned as a child. Meg’s stern look and voice tone signaled a threat to which he reacted with an impulse to retreat. Neither he nor Meg could readily identify in the moment the fears and vulnerabilities they were replaying from childhood. They were both caught up in self-protective (defensive) routines intended to distance them from harm. That is, until in session we would enter the neutral zone represented on the circumplex model.

Noticing and suspending the visceral grip of legacy, avoidance-based emotions and motivations, adaptive approach-oriented motivations, goals, and behaviors became available. This pause simply hastened access to the approach-based responses that had been activated in Paul after Meg finally collapsed in emotional exhaustion and despair from her angry outbursts. Meg’s approach behavior was activated as she finally welcomed Paul’s concern, support, and sympathy when her aggressive energies had quieted. They both took roundabout routes to dialogue.

These, then, were the dispositional tendencies of motivation that energized their chronic patterns of conflict. The avoidance-based mindset had governed behavior with increasing frequency. I noticed that the approach-based resolution strategies were not working as often or as well. They were both feeling exhausted and discouraged. Both, especially Meg, were losing hope that things could change. Their differences in personality and behavior seemed unchanging, perhaps unchangeable.

It took concrete behavioral analysis of specific situations to shift their focus to variables that they could realistically influence or control. We had to do a great deal of situation analysis in our therapy sessions to acquire a basis of trust and positive expectations for change. We had to recognize the way they were both setting unrealistic and unattainable goals, and how they were neglecting adequate attention to the positive thoughts and behaviors that could interrupt their old routines.

Finally, we had to notice how different the results of our in-session problem solving were from their out-of-session efforts, and to ask ourselves why they were different. They recognized that there was little they were not able to do behaviorally if they approached it deliberately and thoughtfully. They had to own the responsibility for doing this work, and they had to recognize the payoff in doing the work, individually and as a couple.

Getting to the Point

The advantage of couples therapy for Meg and Paul was that it made them more responsible and accountable sooner. Their contributions to the problems were noticed and called out in real time. Faster-acting avenues of change became available. My observations were grounded in specific situations. It’s an approach that safeguarded them both and returned our focus to salient themes of reciprocal interaction that underlies their conflicts. Concrete "do’s and don’ts” emerged as takeaways.

They internalized a capacity for assertive problem solving that extended beyond the consulting room and their relationship, and into the workplace. Meg reported less ruminating, guilt and resentment. Paul described a growing sense of confidence and ease in his interactions with Meg. They regressed on occasion and learned how to grow from the experience. They deepened their insight and skills in the process of repairing one or two significant ruptures along the way.

“Disposition does not mean “chipped in stone.”” Their differences in temperament (Paul more laid back and Meg more intense) remained. However, both discovered a greater sense of freedom from the automatic expression of their avoidant motivations. They learned that their reactive tendencies from early life were important to notice (somatically, emotionally, cognitively, relationally). These tendencies were not to be dismissed, denied, or taken as fact; rather, they became valued as warning signs.

I accommodated their sense of practical urgency by anchoring change efforts in concrete behaviors and specific situations. In this way, they were able to more readily see the behaviors that help and hinder realization of their change goals. They learned to appraise and re-appraise their expectations for change against standards of what was realistic and achievable. In the process, they noticed how slowing down for a reflective pause could speed things up. They found reason for hope in these skilled practices.

Concluding Reflections

Each couple is unique, and the helping strategies of their therapists will vary in approach, length of treatment, and frequency and duration of sessions. Having said that, I usually tell couples that it will take us 4-6 weeks to determine if couples therapy is working for them. By then, we’ll have a good idea of what the core issues are and what is required to address them. And we’ll do that by actively engaging the couple in the process, which means they’ll be more able to make informed decisions.

Through early steps of progress in session and practical guidance for change between sessions, they acquire skills and build trust and confidence in the therapist and in each other. Guidance may be more directive in the early phase of therapy, but it becomes more non-directive as positive norms of attitude and behavior take effect. As an easier, less defensive quality of exchange becomes possible, the role of the therapist becomes more that of consultant and coach.

Couples’ gains are sometimes achieved in waves over longer periods of time (6 months or more). For others, significant change, for example restructuring relational dynamics and communications, might occur in 6-8 weeks. And when does it stop? That too varies, but insofar as our work is goal-focused, we are better able to jointly assess how they are doing, what they’ve learned, and when termination or transition to a maintenance schedule might be advisable.

My approach to helping others as a coach and therapist has always been assessment-based and goal-oriented. Goals in this sense represent purposive aims that give meaning to our actions and accomplishments. These are considerations that weigh heavily in the hearts and minds of most professionals. When these “stakes” are called out in terms of the people they want to be and what’s required to realize these aims, I’ve usually gotten their attention. And after a good deal of experimentation with new skills at home and at work, their attention is firmly planted in interpersonal space, knowing more than ever that success at home and at work is about relationships.

I have found that goals and commitments are most robust when they’re grounded in the personal truth we can only obtain from rigorous assessment. That’s why our assessment must be a joint process. Couples must play an active role in interpreting the data that I help them collect, including the patterns of behavior that I help them surface in our sessions. Couples must personally discover the power of meeting in the middle, in that neutral zone of reflection. It is there that defenses melt away and the consequential costs and benefits of change can be seen. In that way, we soon acquire a call to action—“Let’s meet in the middle”—which can give us reason to halt the cycle of escalating conflict and see things as they really are.

References

1. See for example Kuster, M., Bernecker, K., Bradbury, T. N., Nussbeck, F.W., Martin, M., Sutter-Stikel, D., & Bodenmann, G. (2015). Avoidance orientation and the escalation of negative communications in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 262-275

2. Thanks to Kim Penberthy for permission to use her version of the circumplex model: Penberthy, J. Kim (2016). Effective Treatment for Persistent Depression in Patients with Trauma Histories: Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP). Paper presented at the meeting of Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) Conference, Philadelphia, PA.

For further information on the circumplex model, it’s history and use, see Horowitz, L., Wilson, K.R., Turan, B., Zolotsev, P., Constantino, M., & Nenderson, L. (2006). How interpersonal motives clarify the meaning of interpersonal behavior: A revised circumplex model. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 67-86.