Looking Out the Patient’s Window Redux: Self-disclosure and Genuineness

Nancy

In my fifteen-minute break—before seeing Nancy, my last patient of the day—I checked my voice mail and listened to a message from a San Francisco radio station. "Dr. Yalom, hope you don't mind but we've decided to change the format of our program tomorrow morning: We've invited another psychiatrist to join us and, instead of an interview, we'll have a three-way discussion. See you tomorrow morning at eight thirty. I assume this is all okay with you."

Okay? It wasn't okay at all and the more I thought about it the less okay it felt. I had agreed to be interviewed on the radio show in order to publicize my new book, The Gift of Therapy. Though I'd been interviewed many times, I felt anxious about this interview. Though the interviewer was extremely skilled, he was highly demanding. Furthermore, it was an hour long, the size of the radio audience was enormous and, finally, it was in my hometown with many friends listening. This voice mail message further fueled my anxiety. I didn't know the other psychiatrist; but to juice up the interview they had, no doubt, invited someone with an opposing point of view. I brooded about it: The last thing I, or my book, needed was an hour-long hostile confrontation in front of a hundred thousand listeners. I phoned back but there was no answer.

I was not in a good frame of mind to see a patient but the hour struck six and I escorted Nancy into my office. Nancy, a fifty-year-old nursing school professor, first came to see me twenty years before following the death of her older sister who had died of a brain malignancy. I remember how she began: "Eight sessions. That's all I want. No more, no less. I want to talk about the loss of the dearest and closest person in my life. And I want to figure how to make sense of life without her." Those eight sessions clicked by quickly: Nancy brought an agenda to each session: important memories of her sister, their three fights—one of which initiated a frosty silent four-year era which only ended at the funeral of their mother, her sister's disapproval of her boyfriends, her deep love for her sister—a love she had never expressed openly. “Her family was a family of secrets and silences; feelings, especially positive ones, were rarely voiced.”

Nancy was smart and quick: A self-starter in therapy, she worked hard and appeared to want or need little input from me. At the end of the tenth session she thanked me and left, a satisfied customer. I wasn't entirely satisfied, however. I would have preferred more ambitious therapy and I had spotted several areas, especially in the realm of intimacy, where further work could have been done. Over the next twenty years she called me two other times for brief therapy and, repeating the same pattern, used the time efficiently. And then, a few months ago, she phoned once again and asked to meet for a longer time, perhaps six months, in order to work on some significant marital problems.

She and her husband, Arnold, had grown increasingly distant from one another and for many years had slept in different rooms on separate floors of their home. We had been meeting weekly for a few months and she had so improved her relationship with her husband and her adult children that, a couple of weeks previously, I had raised the question of termination. She agreed she was getting close but requested a few additional sessions to deal with one additional problem that had arisen: stage fright. She was awash with anxiety about an upcoming lecture to a large prestigious audience.

As soon as Nancy and I sat down she plunged immediately into anxiety about her upcoming lecture. I welcomed her energy: it diverted my attention from that damn radio show. She spoke of her insomnia, her fears of failure, her dislike of her voice, her embarrassment about her physical appearance. I knew exactly what to do and began to escort her down a familiar therapeutic path: I reminded her of her mastery of her material, that she knew far more about her topic than anyone in the audience. Though I was distracted by my own anxiety, I was able to remind her that she had always sparkled as a lecturer and was on the verge of pointing out the irrationality of her views of her voice and physical appearance when a wave of queasiness swept over me.

How hypocritical could I be? Hadn't my therapy mantra always been "it's the relationship that heals, it's the relationship that heals." Hadn't I always, in my writing and teaching, beat the drum of authenticity? “The solid, genuine, I-thou relationship—wasn't that the ticket, the significant ingredient in successful therapy?” And yet here I was—riddled with anxiety about that radio show and yet hiding it all behind my pasted-on compassionate therapist countenance. And with a patient who had almost identical concerns. And a patient who wanted to work on intimacy to boot! No, I could not continue with this hypocrisy.

So I took a deep breath and fessed up. I told her all about the voice mail message I received just before she entered and about my anxiety and anger for my dilemma. She listened intently to my words and then, in a solicitous voice, asked, "What are you going to do?"

"I'm considering refusing to go on the program if they insist on this new arrangement."

"Yes, that seems very reasonable to me," she said, "you agreed to another format entirely and the station has no right to make the change without clearance from you. I'd be really upset about that, too. Is there any downside of your refusing?"

"None that I can think of. Perhaps I won't be invited back for the next book but who knows when or if I'll write another."

"So, no downside of refusing and lots of possible downside in your agreeing to do this?"

"Seems that way. Thanks Nancy, that's helpful."

We sat together in silence for a few moments and I asked, "Before we turn back to your stage fright, let me ask you something: How did that feel to you? This has not been our everyday hour."

"I liked your doing that. It was very important to me," she replied, paused for a moment to collect her thoughts and added, "I have a lot of feelings about it. Honored that you shared so much of your self with me. And ‘normalized': Your performance anxiety makes me more accepting of my own. And I think your openness will be contagious. I mean, you've given me the courage to talk about something I didn't think I'd be able to bring up."

"Great. Let's get into it."

"Well," Nancy looked uncomfortable and squirmed in her chair. She inhaled and said, "Well, here goes . . ."

I sat back in my chair, eager with anticipation. It was like waiting for the curtain to rise on a good drama. One of my great pleasures. A good story in the wings ready to make an entrance is like no other anticipatory pleasure I know. And my anxiety and annoyance at the interview and the radio station? What interview? What radio station? I had totally forgotten it. The power of the narrative drowned all cares.

"Your mentioning your book, The Gift of Therapy, gives me the opportunity to tell you something. A couple of weeks ago I read the whole book in a single sitting, till three a.m." She paused.

"And?" I shamelessly fished for a compliment.

"Well, I liked it but I was . . . uh, curious, about your using my story of the two streams."

"Your story of the two streams? Nancy, that was someone else's story, a woman dead these many years—I described her in the book. I've used that story in therapy and teaching for more years than I can remember."

"No, Irv. It was my story. I told it to you during our first therapy, twenty years ago."

I shook my head. I knew it was Bonnie's story. Why, I could still visualize Bonnie's face as she told me the story, I could see her wistful eyes as she reminisced about her father, I could still see the violet turban around her head—she had lost her hair from chemotherapy.

"Nancy, I can still see this woman telling me the story, I can . . ."

"No, it was my story," Nancy said firmly. "And what's more, it wasn't even my father and me. It was my father and my aunt, his younger sister. And it wasn't on the way to college—it was a vacation they took in France."

I sat stunned. Nancy was a very precise person. The strength of her assertion caught my attention. I turned inwards searching for the truth, listening to the trickling of memory coursing in from outposts of my mind. It was an impasse: Nancy was certain she told me this. I was absolutely certain I heard it from Bonnie. But I knew I had to remain open-minded. One of Nietzsche's marvelous aphorisms entered my mind and served as a cautionary tale: “"Memory says, I did that. Pride replies, I could not have done that. Eventually memory yields."”

As Nancy and I continued to talk, a new and astounding thought dawned. Oh, my God, could there have been two stories? Yes, yes, that's it. There must have been! The first story was Bonnie's story about her father, her yearning for reconciliation, and their unsuccessful drive to college; the second story was Nancy's two-stream story about her father and aunt. Now, all at once, I realized exactly what had happened: My gestalt-hungry, story-seeking memory had conflated the two stories into a single event.

It's always a shock to experience the fragility of memory. I've worked with many patients who have been destabilized when they learned that their past was not what they had thought it was. I remember one patient whose wife told him (at the breakup of their marriage) that, throughout their three-year marriage, she had been obsessed with another man, her previous lover. He was shattered: All those shared memories (romantic sunsets, candlelit dinners, walks on the beaches of small Greek islands) were chimerical. His wife was not there at all. She was obsessing about someone else. He told me more than once that he suffered more from losing his past than from losing his wife. I didn't fully understand that at the time but now, as I sat with Nancy, I could finally empathize with him and appreciate how unsettling one feels when the past decomposes.

“The past: wasn't it a concrete entity, unforgettable events etched indelibly into stone-like leaves of experience? How tightly I clung to that solid view of existence.” But I knew now, I really knew, the fickleness of memory. Never again would I ever doubt the existence of false memories! What made it even more confounding was the way I had embroidered the false memory (for example, the wistful look on Bonnie's face) which made it entirely indistinguishable from a real memory. All of these things I said to Nancy along with my apology for not having obtained her permission for the story of the two streams. Nancy was untroubled by the issue of permission. She had written science fiction stories and was well aware of the blurring of remembrance and fiction. She instantaneously accepted my apology for publishing something of hers without her permission and then added that she liked her story being used. She took pride in it having prove helpful to my students and other patients.

Her acceptance of my apology left me in a mellow mood and I told her of a conversation a few hours previously with a visiting Danish psychologist. He was writing an article about my work for a Danish psychology journal and asked whether my intense closeness with patients made it more difficult for them to terminate. "Given the fact that we're near termination, Nancy, let me pose that very question to you. Is it true that our closeness interferes with your ending your meetings with me?"

She thought about it for a long time before responding, "I agree. I do feel close to you, perhaps as close as with any other person in my life. But your phrase, that therapy is a dress rehearsal for life, which you said so many times—I think you overdid it by the way . . . well, that phrase helped keep things in perspective. No, I'm going to be able to stop soon and keep a lot from here inside me. From day one of our last set of meetings you did keep focusing on my husband. You did keep focusing on our relationship, but scarcely an hour passed without your moving over to the intimacy between me and Arnold."

Nancy ended the hour by giving me a lovely dream (remember Nancy and Arnold slept in separate rooms).

"I was sitting on Arnold's bed. He was in the room and watching me. I didn't mind his being there and was busy with makeup. I was taking off a makeup mask, peeling it off in front of him."

The dream-maker inside of us (whoever, wherever, he or she is) has many constrictions in the construction of the finished product. One of the major constrictions faced is that the dream final product must be almost entirely visual. Hence, an important challenge in the dream work is to transform abstract concepts into a visual representation. What better way to depict increased openness and trust with one's spouse than to peel off a mask?

Discussion

Let's review the major points conveyed in this vignette. First, let's consider my self-disclosure of my personal anxiety evoked by an event that occurred just before the start of the therapy hour. Why choose to share this? First, there was the consideration of genuineness. I felt too phony, inauthentic, sitting on my anxiety while trying to help her deal with anxiety about a very similar issue. Second, there is the matter of effectiveness: I believe that my preoccupation with my personal issues was hampering my ability to work effectively. Third, there is the factor of role modeling. My experience over decades of doing therapy is that such revelation inevitably catalyzes patient revelation and accelerates therapy.

After my self-revelation there was, for a few minutes, a role reversal as Nancy offered me effective counsel. I thanked her and then initiated a discussion of our relationship by commenting that something unusual had just happened. (In the language of therapists, I did a "process check.") Earlier I made the point that therapy is, or should be, an alternating sequence of action and then reflection upon that action.

Her response was highly informative. First, she felt honored by my sharing my issues with her—that I would treat her as an equal and accept her counsel. Second, she felt "normalized"—that is, my anxiety made her more accepting of her own. Last, my revealing served as a model and an impetus for her further revealing. Research confirms that therapists who model personal transparency influence their patients to reveal more of themselves.

Nancy's response to my disclosure is, in my clinical experience, typical. For a great many years I have worked with patients who have had an unsatisfactory prior experience in therapy. What are their complaints? Almost invariably, they say that their previous therapist was too distant, too impersonal, too disinterested. “I believe that therapists have everything to gain and nothing to lose by appropriate self-disclosure.”

How much should therapists reveal? When to reveal? When not? The guiding in answering such questions is always the same: What is best for the patient? Nancy was a patient I had known for a long time and I had a strong intuition that my genuineness would facilitate her work. Timing was an important factor as well: Self-disclosure early in therapy, before we established a good working alliance, might have been counterproductive. The session with Nancy was an atypical session and I do not generally reveal my own personal disquiet to my patients: After all, we therapists are there to help, not to deal with our own internal conflicts. If we face personal problems of such magnitude that they interfere with therapy then obviously we should be seeking personal therapy.

That said, let me add that on countless occasions I have gone into a session troubled with some personal issues and, by the end of the session (without having mentioned a word about my discomfort), felt remarkably better! I've often wondered why that was so. Perhaps because of the diversion from my self-absorption, or the deep pleasure of being helpful to another, or the boost in self-regard from effectively employing my professional expertise, or the effect of increased connectivity that all of us want and need. This effect of therapy helping the therapist is, in my experience, even greater in group therapy. All of the reasons noted above are in effect but there is an additional factor in group therapy: A mature, caring therapy group in which members share their deepest inner concerns has a healing ambiance in which I have the privilege of immersing myself. 

Staring at the Sun: Overcoming the Terror of Death

THE MORTAL WOUND (from chapter 1)

Self-awareness is a supreme gift, a treasure as precious as life. This is what makes us human. But it comes with a costly price: the wound of mortality. Our existence is forever shadowed by the knowledge that we will grow, blossom, and, inevitably, diminish and die.

Mortality has haunted us from the beginning of history. Four thousand years ago, the Babylonian hero Gilgamesh reflected on the death of his friend Enkidu with the words from the epigraph above: “Thou hast become dark and cannot hear me. When I die shall I not be like Enkidu? Sorrow enters my heart. I am afraid of death.”

Gilgamesh speaks for all of us. As he feared death, so do we all—each and every man, woman, and child. For some of us the fear of death manifests only indirectly, either as generalized unrest or masqueraded as another psychological symptom; other individuals experience an explicit and conscious stream of anxiety about death; and for some of us the fear of death erupts into terror that negates all happiness and fulfillment.

For eons, thoughtful philosophers have attempted to dress the wound of mortality and to help us fashion lives of harmony and peace. As a psychotherapist treating many individuals struggling with death anxiety, I have found that ancient wisdom, particularly that of the ancient Greek philosophers, is thoroughly relevant today.

Indeed, in my work as a therapist, I take as my intellectual ancestors not so much the great psychiatrists and psychologists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—Pinel, Freud, Jung, Pavlov, Rorschach, and Skinner—but classical Greek philosophers, particularly Epicurus. The more I learn about this extraordinary Athenian thinker, the more strongly I recognize Epicurus as the proto-existentialist psychotherapist, and I will make use of his ideas throughout this work.

. . . Had I been a citizen of ancient Athens circa 300 B.C.E.(a time often called the golden age of philosophy) and experienced a death panic or a nightmare, to whom would I have turned to clear my mind of the web of fear? It’s likely I’d have trudged off to the agora, a section of ancient Athens where many of the important schools of philosophy were located. I’d have walked past the Academy founded by Plato, now directed by his nephew, Speucippus; and also the Lyceum, the school of Aristotle, once a student of Plato, but too philosophically divergent to be appointed his successor.

I’d have passed the schools of the Stoics and the Cynics and ignored any itinerant philosophers searching for students. Finally, I’d have reached the Garden of Epicurus, and there I think I would have found help. Where today do people with unmanageable death anxiety turn? Some seek help from their family and friends; others turn to their church or to therapy; still others may consult a book such as this. I’ve worked with a great many individuals terrified by death. I believe that the observations, reflections, and interventions I’ve developed in a lifetime of therapeutic work can offer significant help and insight to those who cannot dispel death anxiety on their own.

. . . Why, you may ask, take on this unpleasant, frightening subject? Why stare into the sun? Why not follow the advice of the venerable dean of American psychiatry, Adolph Meyer, who, a century ago, cautioned psychiatrists, “Don’t scratch where it doesn’t itch”? Why grapple with the most terrible, the darkest and most unchangeable aspect of life? Indeed, in recent years, the advent of managed care, brief therapy, symptom control, and attempts to alter thinking patterns have only exacerbated this blinkered point of view.

Death, however, does itch. It itches all the time; it is always with us, scratching at some inner door, whirring softly, barely audibly, just under the membrane of consciousness. Hidden and disguised, leaking out in a variety of symptoms, it is the wellspring of many of our worries, stresses, and conflicts.

I feel strongly—as a man who will himself die one day in the not-too-distant future and as a psychiatrist who has spent decades dealing with death anxiety— that confronting death allows us, not to open some noisome Pandora’s box, but to reenter life in a richer, more compassionate manner.

So I offer this book optimistically. I believe that it will help you stare death in the face and, in so doing, not only ameliorate terror but enrich your life.

OVERCOMING DEATH TERROR THROUGH CONNECTION (from Chapter 5)

THE POWER OF PRESENCE

One can offer no greater service to someone facing death (and from this point on I speak either of those suffering from a fatal illness or physically healthy individuals experiencing death terror) than to offer him or her your sheer presence.

The following vignette, which describes my attempt to assuage a woman’s death terror, provides guidelines to friends or family members offering aid to one another.

Reaching Out to Friends: Alice

Alice—the widow whose story I told in Chapter Three, who was distressed at having to sell her home and her memory-laden collection of musical instruments—was on the verge of moving into a retirement community. Shortly before her move, I left town for a few days’ vacation and, knowing this would be a difficult time for her, gave her my cell phone number in case of an emergency. As the movers began to empty her house, Alice experienced a paralyzing panic that her friends, physician, and massage therapist could not quell. She phoned me, and we had a twenty-minute talk:

“I can’t sit still,” she began. “I’m so edgy I feel I’m going to burst. I cannot find relief.”

“Look straight into the heart of your panic. Tell me what you see.”

“Ending. Everything ending. That’s all. The end of my house, all my things, my memories, my attachments to my past. The end of everything. The end of me—that’s the heart of it. You want to know what I fear. It’s simple: it’s no more me!”

“We’ve discussed this in other meetings, Alice, so I know I’m repeating myself, but I want to remind you that selling your house and moving to a retirement home is an extraordinary trauma, and of course you’re going to feel major dislocation and major shock. I would feel that way if I were in your place. Anyone would. But remember our talks about how it will look if you fast-forward to three weeks from now—”

“Irv,” she interrupted, “that doesn’t help—this pain is too raw. This is death surrounding me. Death everywhere. I want to scream.”

“Bear with me, Alice. Stay with me—I’m going to ask that same simplistic question I’ve asked before: what precisely is it about death that so frightens you? Let’s hone in on it.”

 “We’ve gone over this.” Alice sounded irritated and impatient.

“Not enough. Keep going, Alice. Humor me, please. Come on, let’s get to work.”

“Well, it’s not the pain of dying. I trust my oncologist; he will be there when I need morphine or something. And it has nothing to do with an afterlife—you know I let go of all that stuff a half century ago.”

“So it’s not the act of dying and not the fear of an afterlife. Keep going. What is it about death that terrifies you?”

“It’s not that I feel unfinished; I know I’ve had a full life. I’ve done what I’ve wanted to do. We’ve gone over all this.”

“Please keep going, Alice.”

“It’s what I just said: no more me. I just don’t want to leave this life . . . I’ll tell you what it is: I want to see the endings. I want to be here to see what happens to my son—will he decide to have children after all. It’s painful to realize I won’t ever be able to know.”

“But you won’t know you’re not here. You won’t know you won’t know. You say you believe (as I do) that death is complete cessation of consciousness.”

“I know, I know, you’ve said it so many times that I know the whole litany by heart: the state of nonexistence is not terrifying because we won’t know we are not existing, and so on and so on. And that means I won’t know that I am missing important things. And I remember also what you’ve already said about the state of nonbeing—that it’s identical to the state I was in before I was born. It helped before, but it just doesn’t help now—this feeling is too strong, Irv—ideas won’t crack it; they won’t even touch it.”

“Not yet they won’t. That only means we have to keep going, keep figuring it out. We can do it together. I’ll be in there with you and help you go as deep as you can.”

“It’s gripping terror. There is some menace I cannot name or find.”

“Alice, at the very base of all our feelings about death there is a biological fear that is hardwired into us. I know this fear is inchoate—I’ve experienced it too. It doesn’t have words. But every living creature wishes to persist in its own being—Spinoza said that around 350 years ago. We just have to know this, expect it. The hardwiring will zap us with terror from time to time. We all have it.”

After about twenty minutes, Alice sounded calmer, and we ended the call. A few hours later, however, she left a curt phone message telling me that the phone session felt like a slap in the face and that I was cold and unempathic. Almost as a postscript she added that, unaccountably, she felt better. The following day she left another message saying that her panic had entirely subsided—again, she said, for reasons unknown.

Now, why was Alice helped by this conversation? Was it the ideas I presented? Probably not. She dismissed my arguments from Epicurus—that, with her consciousness extinguished, she wouldn’t know that she’d never find out how the stories of people close to her ended, and that after death she would be in the same state as she was before her birth. Nor did any of my other suggestions—for example, that she project herself three weeks into the future to gain some perspective on her life—have any impact whatsoever. She was simply too panicky. As she put it, ““I know you’re trying, but these ideas won’t crack it; they don’t even touch what’s here—this anguished heaviness in my chest.””

So ideas didn’t help. But let’s examine the conversation from the perspective of relationship. First, I spoke to her on my vacation, thereby indicating my full willingness to be involved with her. I said, in effect, let’s you and I keep working on this together. I didn’t shrink from any aspect of her anxiety. I continued inquiring into her feelings about death. I acknowledged my own anxiety. I assured her that we were in this together, that she and I and everyone else are hardwired to feel anxious about death.

Second, behind my explicit offer of presence, there was a strong implicit message: “No matter how much terror you have, I will never shun or abandon you.” I was simply doing what the housemaid, Anna, did in Cries and Whispers. I held her, stayed with her.

Although I felt fully involved with her, I made sure that I kept her terror contained. I did not permit it to be contagious. I maintained an unruffled, matter-of-fact tone as I urged her to join me in dissecting and analyzing the terror. Although she criticized me the following day for being cold and unempathic, my calmness nonetheless steadied her and helped allay her terror.

“The lesson here is simple: connection is paramount. Whether you are a family member, a friend, or a therapist, jump in.” Get close in any way that feels appropriate. Speak from your heart. Reveal your own fears. Improvise. Hold the suffering one in any way that gives comfort.

Once, decades ago, as I was saying goodbye to a patient near death, she asked me to lie next to her on her bed for a while. I did as she requested and, I believe, offered her comfort. Sheer presence is the greatest gift you can offer anyone facing death (or a physically healthy person in a death panic).

SELF-DISCLOSURE

A great deal of a therapist’s training, as I’ll discuss in Chapter Seven, focuses on the centrality of connection. An essential part of that training should, in my opinion, focus on the therapist’s willingness and ability to increase connection through his or her own transparency. Because many therapists have trained in traditions that stress the importance of opaqueness and neutrality, friends willing to reveal themselves to one another may, in this regard, have an advantage over professional therapists.

In close relationships, the more one reveals of one’s inner feelings and thoughts, the easier it is for others to reveal themselves. Self-disclosure plays a crucial role in the development of intimacy. Generally, relationships build by a process of reciprocal self-revelations. One individual takes the leap and reveals some intimate material, thereby placing himself or herself at risk; the other closes the gap by reciprocating in kind; together, they deepen the relationship via a spiral of self-revelation. If the person at risk is left hanging without the other reciprocating, then the friendship often flounders.

The more you can be truly yourself, can share yourself fully, the deeper and more sustaining the friendship. In the presence of such intimacy, all words, all modes of comfort, and all ideas take on greater meaning.

Friends must keep reminding one another (and themselves) that they, too, experience the fear of death. Thus, in my conversation with Alice, I included myself in discussions of death’s inevitability. Such disclosure is not high risk: it is merely making explicit what is implicit. After all, we are all creatures who are frightened at the thought of “no more me.” We all face the sense of our smallness and insignificance when measured against the infinite extent of the universe (sometimes referred to as the “experience of the tremendum”). Each of us is but a speck, a grain of sand, in the vastness of the cosmos. As Pascal said in the seventeenth century, “the eternal silence of infinite spaces terrifies me.” The need for intimacy in the face of death is heartbreakingly described in a recent rehearsal of a new play, Let Me Down Easy, by Anna Deavere Smith. In this play, one of the characters portrayed was a remarkable woman who cared for African children with AIDS. Little help was available at her shelter. Children died every day. When asked what she did to ease the dying children’s terror, she answered with two phrases: “I never let them die alone in the dark, and I say to them, ‘You will always be with me here in my heart.’”

Even for those with a deeply ingrained block against openness—those who have always avoided deep friendships—the idea of death may be an awakening experience, catalyzing an enormous shift in their desire for intimacy and their willingness to make efforts to attain it. Many people who work with dying patients have found that those who were previously distant become strikingly and suddenly accessible to deep engagement.

RIPPLING IN ACTION

As I explained in the previous chapter, the belief that one may persist, not in one’s individual personhood, but through values and actions that ripple on and on through generations to come can be a powerful consolation to anyone anxious about his or her mortality.

Alleviating the Loneliness of Death

Although Everyman, the medieval morality play, dramatizes the loneliness of one’s encounter with death, it may also be read as portraying the consoling power of rippling. A theatrical crowd pleaser for centuries, Everyman played in front of churches before large throngs of parishioners. It tells the allegorical tale of Everyman, who is visited by the angel of death and learns that the time of his final journey has arrived.

Everyman pleads for a reprieve. “Nothing doing,” replies the angel of death. Then another request: “Can I invite someone to accompany me on this desperately “lonely journey?” The angel grins and readily agrees: “Oh, yes—if you can find someone.”

The remainder of the play consists of Everyman’s attempts to recruit someone to be his companion on the journey. Every friend and acquaintance declines; his cousin, for example, is indisposed by a cramp in her toe. Even metaphorical figures (Worldly Goods, Beauty, Strength, Knowledge) refuse his invitation. Finally, as he resigns himself to his lonely journey, he discovers one companion, Good Deeds, who is available and willing to accompany him, even unto death.

Everyman’s discovery that there is one companion, Good Deeds, who is able to accompany him is, of course, the Christian moral of this morality play: that you can take with you from this world nothing that you have received; you can take only what you have given. A secular interpretation of this drama suggests that rippling—that is, the realization of your good deeds, of your virtuous influence on others that persists beyond yourself—may soften the pain and loneliness of the final journey.

The Role of Gratitude

Rippling, like so many of the ideas I find useful, assumes far more power in the context of an intimate relationship where one can know at first hand how one’s life has benefited someone else. Friends may thank someone for what he or she has done or meant. But mere thanks is not the point. The truly effective message is, “I have taken some part of you into me. It has changed and enriched me, and I shall pass it on to others.”

Far too often, gratitude for how a person has sent influential ripples out into the world is expressed not when the person is still alive but only in a posthumous eulogy. How many times at funerals have you wished (or overheard others express the wish) that the dead person were there to hear the eulogies and expressions of gratitude? “How many of us have wished we could be like Scrooge and eavesdrop on our own funeral?” I have. One technique for overcoming this “too little, too late” problem with rippling is the “gratitude visit,” a splendid way to enhance rippling when one is alive. I first came upon this exercise at a workshop conducted by Martin Seligman, one of the leaders of the positive psychology movement. He asked a large audience to participate in an exercise that, as I recall, went along these lines:

Think of someone still living toward whom you feel great gratitude that you have never expressed. Spend ten minutes writing that person a gratitude letter and then pair up with someone here, and each of you read your letter to the other. The final step is that you pay a personal visit to that person sometime in the near future and read that letter aloud.

After the letters were read in pairs, several volunteers were selected from the audience to read their letters aloud to the entire audience. Without exception, each person choked up with emotion during the reading. I learned that such displays of emotion invariably occur in this exercise: very few participants get through the reading without being swept by a deep emotional current. I did the exercise myself and wrote such a letter to David Hamburg, who had been a superbly enabling chairman of the Department of Psychiatry during my first ten years at Stanford. When I next visited New York, where he lived at this time, we spent a moving evening together. I felt good expressing my gratitude, beamed with pleasure when reading my letter. As I age, I think more and more about rippling. As a paterfamilias, I always pick up the check when my family dines at a restaurant. My four children always thank me graciously (after offering only feeble resistance), and I always say to them, “Thank your grandfather Ben Yalom. I’m only a vessel passing on his generosity. He always picked up the check for me.” (And I, by the way, also offered only feeble resistance.)

Rippling and Modeling

In the first group I led for patients with terminal cancer, I often found the members’ despondency contagious. So many members were in despair; so many waited day after day listening for the approaching footsteps of death; so many claimed that life had become empty and stripped of all meaning. And then, one fine day, a member opened our meeting with an announcement: “I have decided that there is, after all, something that I can still offer. I can offer an example of how to die. I can set a model for my children and my friends by facing death with courage and dignity.”

It was a revelation that lifted her spirits, and mine, and those of the other members of the group. She had found a way to imbue her life, to its very end, with meaning.

The phenomenon of rippling was evident in the cancer group members’ attitude toward student observers. It is vital for the education of group therapists that they observe experienced clinicians leading groups, and I have usually had students observing my groups, sometimes using TV monitors but generally through a one-way mirror. Although groups in educational settings give permission for such observation, the group members generally grumble about the observers and, from time to time, openly voice resentment at the intrusion.

Not so with my groups of cancer patients: they welcomed observers. They felt that as a result of their confrontation with death, they had grown wise and had much to pass on to students and regretted only, as I mentioned earlier, that they had waited so long to learn how to live.

Note: Signed copies of Staring at the Sun and other Ivin Yalom books are available here.

The Gift of Therapy

The Gift of Therapy has 85 short chapters, each offering a suggestion or tip for therapy. The first three chapters are reproduced here.

Remove the Obstacles to Growth

When I was finding my way as a young psychotherapy student, the most useful book I read was Karen Horney's Neurosis and Human Growth. And the single most useful concept in that book was the notion that the human being has an inbuilt propensity toward self-realization. If obstacles are removed, Horney believed, the individual will develop into a mature, fully realized adult, just as an acorn will develop into an oak tree.

"Just as an acorn develops into an oak." What a wonderfully liberating and clarifying image! It forever changed my approach to psychotherapy by offering me a new vision of my work: My task was to remove obstacles blocking my patient's path. I did not have to do the entire job; I did not have to inspirit the patient with the desire to grow, with curiosity, will, zest for life, caring, loyalty, or any of the myriad of characteristics that make us fully human. No, what I had to do was to identify and remove obstacles. The rest would follow automatically, fueled by the self-actualizing forces within the patient.

I remember a young widow with, as she put it, a "failed heart"—an inability ever to love again. It felt daunting to address the inability to love. I didn't know how to do that. But dedicating myself to identifying and uprooting her many blocks to loving? I could do that.

I soon learned that love felt treasonous to her. To love another was to betray her dead husband; it felt to her like pounding the final nails in her husband's coffin. To love another as deeply as she did her husband (and she would settle for nothing less) meant that her love for her husband had been in some way insufficient or flawed. To love another would be self-destructive because loss, and the searing pain of loss, was inevitable. To love again felt irresponsible: she was evil and jinxed, and her kiss was the kiss of death.

We worked hard for many months to identify all these obstacles to her loving another man. For months we wrestled with each irrational obstacle in turn. But once that was done, the patient's internal processes took over: she met a man, she fell in love, she married again. I didn't have to teach her to search, to give, to cherish, to love. I wouldn't have known how to do that.

Avoid Diagnosis (except for insurance companies)

Today's psychotherapy students are exposed to too much emphasis on diagnosis. Managed care administrators demand that therapists arrive quickly at a precise diagnosis and then proceed upon a course of brief, focused therapy that matches that particular diagnosis. Sounds good. Sounds logical and efficient. But it has precious little to do with reality. It represents instead an illusory attempt to legislate scientific precision into being when it is neither possible nor desirable.

Though diagnosis is unquestionably critical in treatment considerations for many severe conditions with a biological substrate (for example schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, major affective disorders, temporal lobe epilepsy, drug toxicity, organic or brain disease from toxins, degenerative causes or infectious agents) diagnosis is often counterproductive in the everyday psychotherapy of less severely impaired patients.

Why? For one thing, psychotherapy consists of a gradually unfolding process wherein the therapist attempts to know the patient as fully as possible. A diagnosis limits vision, it diminishes ability to relate to the other as a person. Once we make a diagnosis, we tend to selectively inattend to aspects of the patient which do not fit into that particular diagnosis, and we correspondingly over-attend to subtle features which appear to confirm an initial diagnosis. What's more, a diagnosis may act as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Relating to a patient as a "borderline" or a "hysteric" may serve to stimulate and perpetuate those very traits. Indeed, there is a long history of iatrogenic influence on the shape of clinical entities, including the current controversy about multiple personality disorder and repressed memories of sexual abuse. And keep in mind, too, the low reliability of the DSM personality disorders category (the very patients often engaging in longer-term psychotherapy.)

And what therapist has not been struck by how much easier it is to make a DSM-IV diagnosis following the first interview than much later, let us say, after the tenth session, when we know a great deal more about the individual? Is this not a strange kind of science? A colleague of mine brings this point home to his psychiatric residents by asking: "If you were in personal psychotherapy or are considering it, what DSM-IV diagnosis do you think your therapist could justifiably use to describe someone as complicated as you?" (C. P. Rosenbaum, personal communication, Nov. 2000)

In the therapeutic enterprise we must tread a fine line between some, but not too much, objectivity; if we take the DSM diagnostic system too seriously, if we really believe we are truly carving at the joints of nature, then we may threaten the human, the spontaneous, the creative and uncertain nature of the therapeutic venture. Remember that the clinicians involved in formulating previous, now discarded, diagnostic systems were competent, proud, and just as confident as the current members of DSM committees. Undoubtedly the time will come when the DSM-IV Chinese restaurant menu format will appear ludicrous to mental health professionals.

Therapist and Patient as "Fellow Travelers"

Andrè Malraux, the French novelist, described a country priest who had taken confession for many decades and summed up what he had learned about human nature in this manner: "First of all, people are much more unhappy than one thinks…and there is no such thing as a grown-up person." Everyone—and that includes therapists as well as patients—is destined to experience not only the exhilaration of life, but also its inevitable darkness: disillusionment, aging, illness, isolation, loss, meaninglessness, painful choices, and death.

No one put things more starkly and more bleakly than the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer:

In early youth, as we contemplate our coming life, we are like children in a theater before the curtain is raised, sitting there in high spirits and eagerly waiting for the play to begin. It is a blessing that we do not know what is really going to happen. Could we foresee it, there are times when children might seem like condemned prisoners, condemned, not to death, but to life, and as yet all unconscious of what their sentence means.

Or again:

We are like lambs in the field, disporting themselves under the eyes of the butcher, who picks out one first and then another for his prey. So it is that in our good days we are all unconscious of the evil that Fate may have presently in store for us — sickness, poverty, mutilation, loss of sight or reason.

Though Schopenhauer's view is colored heavily by his own personal unhappiness, still it is difficult to deny the inbuilt despair in the life of every self-conscious individual. My wife and I have sometimes amused ourselves by planning imaginary dinner parties for groups of people sharing similar propensities—for example, a party for monopolists, or flaming narcissists, or artful passive-aggressives we have known or, conversely, a "happy" party to which we invite only the truly happy people we have encountered. Though we've encountered no problems filling all sorts of other whimsical tables, we've never been able to populate a full table for our "happy people" party. Each time we identify a few characterologically cheerful people and place them on a waiting list while we continue our search to complete the table, we find that one or another of our happy guests is eventually stricken by some major life adversity—often a severe illness or that of a child or spouse.

This tragic but realistic view of life has long influenced my relationship to those who seek my help. Though there are many phrases for the therapeutic relationship (patient/therapist, client/counselor, analysand/analyst, client/facilitator, and the latest—and, by far, the most repulsive—user/provider), none of these phrases accurately convey my sense of the therapeutic relationship. Instead I prefer to think of my patients and myself as fellow travelers, a term that abolishes distinctions between "them" (the afflicted) and "us" (the healers). During my training I was often exposed to the idea of the fully analyzed therapist, but as I have progressed through life, formed intimate relationships with a good many of my therapist colleagues, met the senior figures in the field, been called upon to render help to my former therapists and teachers, and myself become a teacher and an elder, I have come to realize the mythic nature of this idea. We are all in this together and there is no therapist and no person immune to the inherent tragedies of existence.

One of my favorite tales of healing, found in Hermann Hesse's Magister Ludi, involves Joseph and Dion, two renowned healers, who lived in biblical times. Though both were highly effective, they worked in different ways. The younger healer, Joseph, healed through quiet, inspired listening. Pilgrims trusted Joseph. Suffering and anxiety poured into his ears vanished like water on the desert sand and penitents left his presence emptied and calmed. On the other hand, Dion, the older healer, actively confronted those who sought his help. He divined their unconfessed sins. He was a great judge, chastiser, scolder, and rectifier, and he healed through active intervention. Treating the penitents as children, he gave advice, punished by assigning penance, ordered pilgrimages and marriages, and compelled enemies to make up.

The two healers never met, and they worked as rivals for many years until Joseph grew spiritually ill, fell into dark despair, and was assailed with ideas of self-destruction. Unable to heal himself with his own therapeutic methods, he set out on a journey to the south to seek help from Dion.

On his pilgrimage, Joseph rested one evening at an oasis, where he fell into a conversation with an older traveler. When Joseph described the purpose and destination of his pilgrimage, the traveler offered himself as a guide to assist in the search for Dion. Later, in the midst of their long journey together the old traveler revealed his identity to Joseph. Mirabile dictu: he himself was Dion—the very man Joseph sought.

Without hesitation Dion invited his younger, despairing rival into his home, where they lived and worked together for many years. Dion first asked Joseph to be a servant. Later he elevated him to a student and, finally, to full colleagueship. Years later, Dion fell ill and on his deathbed called his young colleague to him in order to hear a confession. He spoke of Joseph's earlier terrible illness and his journey to old Dion to plead for help. He spoke of how Joseph had felt it was a miracle that his fellow traveler and guide turned out to be Dion himself.

Now that he was dying, the hour had come, Dion told Joseph, to break his silence about that miracle. Dion confessed that at the time it had seemed a miracle to him as well, for he, too, had fallen into despair. He, too, felt empty and spiritually dead and, unable to help himself, had set off on a journey to seek help. On the very night that they had met at the oasis he was on a pilgrimage to a famous healer named Joseph.

Hesse's tale has always moved me in a preternatural way. It strikes me as a deeply illuminating statement about giving and receiving help, about honesty and duplicity, and about the relationship between healer and patient. The two men received powerful help but in very different ways. The younger healer was nurtured, nursed, taught, mentored, and parented. The older healer, on the other hand, was helped through serving another, through obtaining a disciple from whom he received filial love, respect, and salve for his isolation.

But now, reconsidering the story, I question whether these two wounded healers could not have been of even more service to one another. Perhaps they missed the opportunity for something deeper, more authentic, more powerfully mutative. Perhaps the real therapy occurred at the deathbed scene, when they moved into honesty with the revelation that they were fellow travelers, both simply human, all too human. The twenty years of secrecy, helpful as they were, may have obstructed and prevented a more profound kind of help. What might have happened if Dion's deathbed confession had occurred twenty years earlier, if healer and seeker had joined together in facing the questions that have no answers?

All of this echoes Rilke's letters to a young poet in which he advises, "Have patience with everything unresolved and try to love the questions themselves." I would add: "Try to love the questioners as well."

The Schopenhauer Cure

Psychotherapy.net has arranged with the author to publish an exclusive online excerpt of this exciting new book. 

Publisher's Summary

At one time or another, all of us have wondered what we'd do in the face of death. Suddenly confronted with his own mortality after a routine check-up, distinguished psychotherapist Julius Hertzfeld is forced to reexamine his life and work. He feels compelled to contact his patients of long ago. Has he really made an enduring difference in their lives? And what about the patients he failed to help? What has happened to them? Now that he was wiser and riper, can he rescue them yet?

Reaching beyond the safety of his thriving San Francisco practice, Julius feels compelled to seek out Philip Slate, whom he treated for sex addiction some twenty-three years earlier. At that time, Philip's only means of connecting to humans was through brief sexual interludes with countless women, and Julius's therapy did not change that. He meets with Philip who claims to have cured himself—by reading the pessimistic and misanthropic philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer.

Much to Julius's surprise, Philip has become a philosophical counselor and requests that Julius provide him with the supervisory hours he needs to obtain a license to practice. In return, Philip offers to tutor Julius in the work of Schopenhauer. Julius hesitates. How can Philip possibly become a therapist? He is still the same arrogant, uncaring, self-absorbed person he had always been. In fact, in every way he resembles his mentor, Schopenhauer. But eventually they strike a Faustian bargain: Julius agrees to supervise Philip, provided that Philip first join his therapy group. Julius is hoping that six months with the group will address Philip's misanthropy and that by being part of a circle of fellow patients he will develop the relationship skills necessary to become a therapist.

Philip enters the group, but he is more interested in educating the members in Schopenhauer's philosophy—which he claims is all the therapy anyone should need—than he is in their (or his) individual problems. Soon Julius and Philip, using very different therapy approaches, are competing for the hearts and minds of the group members. Is this going to be Julius's swan song—a splintered group and years of good work down the drain? Or will all the members, including Philip, find a way to rise to the occasion that brings with it the potential for extraordinary change?

This novel knits together fact and fiction and contains an accurate portrayal of group therapy in action as well as a presentation of the life and influence of Arthur Schopenhauer, Philip's personal guru and professional inspiration.

Emotional Flashback Management in the Treatment of Complex PTSD

Early in my career I worked with David,* a handsome, intelligent client who was a professional actor. One day David came to see me after an unsuccessful audition. Beside himself, he burst out: "I never let on to anyone, but I know that I'm really very ugly; it's so stupid that I'm trying to be an actor when I'm so painful to look at."

David's childhood was characterized by emotional abuse, neglect and abandonment. The last and unwanted child of a large family, his alcoholic father repeatedly terrorized him. To make matters worse, his family frequently humiliated him by reacting to him with exaggerated looks of disgust. His older brother's favorite gibe, accompanied by a nauseated grimace, was, "I can't stand looking at you. The sight of you makes me sick!"
“David was so traumatized by the contempt with which his family had treated him that he was easily triggered by anything but the most benign expression on my face.” If he came into session already triggered, he would often project disgust onto me, no matter how much genuine goodwill and regard I felt for him at the time.

I have come to call these reactions, typical of David and of many other clients over the years, emotional flashbacks—sudden and often prolonged regressions ("amygdala hijackings") to the frightening and abandoned feeling-states of childhood. They are accompanied by inappropriate and intense arousal of the fight/flight instinct and the sympathetic nervous system. Typically, they manifest as intense and confusing episodes of fear, toxic shame, and/or despair, which often beget angry reactions against the self or others. When fear is the dominant emotion in an emotional flashback, the individual feels overwhelmed, panicky or even suicidal. When despair predominates, it creates a sense of profound numbness, paralysis, and an urgent need to hide. Feeling small, young, fragile, powerless and helpless is also common in emotional flashbacks. Such experiences are typically overlaid with toxic shame, which, as described in John Bradshaw's Healing The Shame That Binds, obliterates an individual's self-esteem with an overpowering sense that she is as worthless, stupid, contemptible or fatally flawed, as she was viewed by her original caregivers. Toxic shame inhibits the individual from seeking comfort and support, and in a reenactment of the childhood abandonment she is flashing back to, isolates her in an overwhelming and humiliating sense of defectiveness. Clients who view themselves as worthless, defective, ugly, or despicable are showing signs of being lost in an emotional flashback. When stuck in this state, they often polarize affectively into intense self-hate and self-disgust, and cognitively into extreme and virulent self-criticism.

Numerous clients tell me that the concept of an emotional flashback brings them a great sense of relief. They report that for the first time they are able to make some sense of their extremely troubled lives. Some get that their addictions are misguided attempts to self-medicate. Some understand the inefficacy of the myriad psychological and spiritual answers they pursued, and are in turn feel liberated from a shaming plethora of misdiagnoses. Some can now frame their extreme episodes of risk taking and self-destructiveness as desperate attempts to distract themselves from their pain. Many experience hope that they can rid themselves of the habit of amassing evidence of defectiveness or craziness. Many report a budding recognition that they can challenge the self-hate and self-disgust that typically thwarts their progress in therapy.

Emotional Neglect: A Primary Cause of Complex PTSD?

Early on in working with this model, I was surprised that a number of clients with moderate and sometimes minimal sexual or physical childhood abuse were plagued by emotional flashbacks. Over time, however, I realized that these individuals had suffered extreme emotional neglect: the kind of neglect where no caretaker was ever available for support, comfort or protection. No one liked them, welcomed them, or listened to them. No one had empathy for them, showed them warmth, or invited closeness. No one cared about what they thought, felt, did, wanted, or dreamed of. Such trauma victims learned early in life that no matter how hurt, alienated, or terrified they were, turning to a parent would actually exacerbate their experience of rejection.

The child who is abandoned in this way experiences the world as a terrifying place. I think about how humans were hunter-gatherers for most of our time on this planet—the child's survival and safety from predators during the first six years of life during these times depended on being in very close proximity to an adult. Children are wired to feel scared when left alone, and to cry and protest to alert their caretakers when they are. But when the caretakers turn their backs on such cries for help, the child is left to cope with a nightmarish inner world—the stuff of which emotional flashbacks are made.

Because of this, “emotional flashbacks can best be understood as the key symptom of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, a syndrome afflicting many adults who experienced ongoing abuse or neglect in childhood.” As described by leading trauma theorist Judith Herman (Trauma and Recovery) and renowned PTSD researcher Bessel van der Kolk, Complex PTSD is caused by "prolonged, repeated trauma" and "a history of subjection to totalitarian control" such as happens in extremely dysfunctional families. It is distinguished from the more familiar type of PTSD in which the trauma is specific and defined; because of the prolonged nature of the trauma, Complex PTSD can be even more virulent and pervasively damaging in its effects. (Complex PTSD has not yet been included in the DSM.)

Ongoing experience convinces me that some children respond to pervasive emotional neglect and abandonment by over-identifying or even merging their identity with the inner critic and adopting an intense form of perfectionism that triggers them into painful abandonment flashbacks every time they are less than perfect or perfectly pleasing. When I encourage such clients to free-associate during their emotional flashbacks, I frequently hear a version of this toxic shame spiral: "If only I were perfect. If only I were an ‘A' student . . . a baseball hero . . . a beauty queen . . . a saint. If only I weren't so stupid and selfish, then maybe they'd love me. But who am I kidding? I'll never be anywhere near that, because I'm just a piece of shit. Who in the world could ever care about someone so pathetic?"

Responding Functionally to Emotional Flashbacks

Emotional flashbacks strand clients in the cognitions and feelings of danger, helplessness and hopelessness that characterized their original abandonment, when there was no safe parental figure to go to for comfort and support. Hence, Complex PTSD is now accurately being identified by some traumatologists as an attachment disorder. Emotional flashback management, therefore, needs to be taught in the context of a safe relationship. Clients need to feel safe enough with the therapist to describe their humiliation and overwhelm, and the therapist needs to feel comfortable enough to provide the empathy and calm support that was missing in the client's early experience.

Because most emotional flashbacks do not have a visual or memory component to them, the triggered individual rarely realizes that she is re-experiencing a traumatic time from childhood. Psychoeducation is therefore a fundamental first step in the process of helping clients understand and manage their flashbacks. Most of my clients experience noticeable relief when I explain Complex PTSD to them. The diagnosis resonates deeply with their intuitive understanding of their suffering. When they recognize that their sense of overwhelm initially arose as a normal instinctual response to their traumatic circumstances, they begin to shed the belief that they are crazy, hopelessly oversensitive, and/or incurably defective.

Without help in the midst of an emotional flashback, clients typically find no recourse but their own particular array of primitive, self-injuring defenses to their unmanageable feelings. These dysfunctional responses generally manifest in four ways: [1] fighting or over-asserting oneself in narcissistic ways such as misusing power or promoting excessive self-interest; [2] fleeing obsessive-compulsively into activities such as work addiction, sex and love addiction, or substance abuse ("uppers"); [3] freezing in numbing, dissociative ways such as sleeping excessively, over-fantasizing, or tuning out with TV or medications ("downers"); [4] fawning codependently in self-abandoning ways such as putting up with narcissistic bosses or abusive partners.

I find that most clients can be guided to see the harmfulness of their previously necessary, but now outmoded, defenses as a misfiring of their fight, flight, freeze, or fawn responses. In the context of a secure therapeutic alliance, they can begin to replace these defenses with healthy, stress-ameliorating responses. I introduce this phase of the work by giving the client the list of 13 cognitive, affective, somatic and behavioral techniques (listed at the end of this article) to utilize outside of the session. I elaborate on these techniques in our sessions as well.

As clients begin to respond more functionally to being triggered, opportunities arise more frequently for working with flashbacks in session. In fact, it often seems that their unconscious desire for mastery "schedules" their flashbacks to occur just prior to or during sessions. I recently experienced this with a client who rushed into my office five minutes late, visibly flushed and anxious. She opened the session by exclaiming, "I'm such a loser. I can't do anything right. You must be sick of working with me." This was someone who had, on previous occasions, accepted and even been moved by my validation of her ongoing accomplishments in our work. Based on what she had uncovered about her mother's punitive perfectionism in previous sessions, I was certain that her being late had triggered an emotional flashback. In this moment, she was most likely experiencing what Susan Vaughan's MRI research (The Talking Cure) describes as a gross over-firing of right-brain emotional processing with a decrease in cognitive processing in the left brain. Vaughan interprets this as a temporary loss of access to left-brain knowledge and understanding. This appears to be a mechanism of dissociation, and in this instance, it rendered my client amnesiac of my high regard for our work together.

I believe this type of dissociation also accounts for the recurring disappearance of previously established trust that commonly occurs with emotional flashbacks. This phenomenon makes it imperative that we psychoeducate clients that flashbacks can cause them to forget that proven allies are in fact still reliable, and that they are flashing back to their childhoods when no one was trustworthy. Trust repair is an essential process in healing the attachment disorders created by pervasive childhood trauma. PTSD clients do not have a volitional "on" switch for trust, even though their "off" switch is frequently automatically triggered during flashbacks. “The therapist therefore needs to be prepared to work on reassurance and trust restoration over and over again. I have heard too many client stories about past therapists who got angry at them because they would not simply choose to trust them.”

Retuning to the above vignette, I wondered out loud to my client, "Do you think you might be in a flashback?" Because of the numerous times we had previously identified and named her current type of experience as an emotional flashback, she immediately recognized this and let go into deep sobbing. She dropped into profound grieving that allowed her to release the flashback—a type of grieving the restorative power of which I have witnessed innumerable times. It is a crying that combines tears of relief with tears of grief: relief at being able to take in another's empathy and make sense of confusing, overwhelming pain; and grief over the childhood abandonment that created this sense of abject alienation in the first place.

My client released some of the pain of her original trauma and of the times she had previously been stuck in the unrelenting pain of flashing back to her original abandonment. “As her tears subsided, she recalled to me a time as a small child when she had literally received a single lump of coal in her Christmas stocking as punishment for being 10 minutes late to dinner.” Her tears morphed into healthy anger about this abuse, and she felt herself returning to an empowered sense of self. Grieving brought her back into the present and broke the amnesia of the flashback. She could then remember to invoke the self-protective resources we had gradually been building in her therapy with role-plays, assertiveness training and psychoeducation about her parents' destruction of her healthy instinct to defend herself against abuse and unfairness. The ubiquitous childhood phrase of "That's not fair!" had been severely punished and extinguished by her parents. She reconnected with her right and need to have boundaries, to judge her parents' actions unconscionable, and to fiercely say "no" to her critics' subsequent habit of judging her harshly for every peccadillo. Finally, I reminded her to reinvoke her sense of safety by recognizing that she now inhabited an adult body, free of parental control, and that she had many resources to draw on: intelligence, strength, resilience, and a growing sense of community. She lived in a safe home; she had the support of her therapist and two friends who were her allies and who readily saw her essential worth. I also observed that she was making ongoing progress in managing her flashbacks—that they were occurring less often and less intensely.

Managing the Inner Critic

In guiding clients to develop their ability to manage emotional flashbacks, my most common intervention involves helping them to deconstruct the alarmist tendencies of the inner critic. This is essential, as Donald Kalshed explains in The Inner World of Trauma, because the inner critic grows rampantly in traumatized children, and because the inner critic not only exacerbates flashbacks, but eventually grows into a psychic agency that initiates them. Continuous abuse and neglect force the child's inner critic (superego) to overdevelop perfectionism and hypervigilance. The perfectionism of Complex PTSD puts the child's every thought, word or action on trial and judges her as fatally flawed if any of them are not 100-percent faultless. Perfectionism then devolves into the child's obsessive attempt to root out real or imagined defects and to achieve unsurpassable excellence in an effort to win a modicum of safety and comforting attachment.

The hypervigilance of Complex PTSD is an overaroused sympathetic nervous system fixation on endangerment that comes from long-term childhood exposure to real danger. In an effort to recognize, predict and avoid danger, hypervigilance develops in a traumatized child as an incessant, on-guard scanning of both the real environment and, most especially, the imagined upcoming environment. Hypervigilance typically devolves into intense performance anxiety on every level of self-expression, and perfectionism festers into a virulent inner voice that manifests as self-hate, self-disgust and self-abandonment at every turn.

When the child with Complex PTSD eventually comes of age and launches from the traumatizing family, she is so dominated by feelings of danger, shame and abandonment that she is often unaware that adulthood now offers many new resources for achieving internal and external safety and healthy connection with others. She is unaware that a huge part of her identity is subsumed in the inner critic—the proxy of her dysfunctional caregivers—and that she has had scarce room to develop a healthy self with an accompanying healthy ego.

This scenario arises frequently in my practice: A client, in the midst of reporting some inconsequential miscue of the previous week, suddenly launches into a catastrophizing tale of her life deteriorating into a cascading series of disasters. She is flashing back to the danger-ridden times of her childhood, and her distress sounds something like this: "My boss looked at me funny when I came back from my bathroom break this morning and I know he thinks I'm stupid and lazy and is going to fire me. I just know I won't be able to get another job. My boyfriend will think I'm a loser and leave me. I'll get sick from the stress, and with no money to pay my medical insurance and rent, I'll soon be a bag lady on the street." “It's disturbing how many catastrophizing inner critic rants end with the bag lady on the street. What a symbol of abandonment!”

Teaching such clients to recognize when they have polarized into inner-critic catastrophizing, and modeling to them how to resist it with thought stopping and thought substitution, are essential steps in managing flashbacks. In this case I reminded my client of the many times we had previously caught the inner critic laundry-listing every conceivable way a difficult situation could spiral into disaster, and I invited her to use thought stopping to refuse to indulge this process. I suggested that she visualize a stop sign and say "no" to the critic each time it tried to scare or demean her. I reminded her that she had learned to catastrophize from her parents, who noticed her in such a predominantly negative and intimidating way. I also reinvoked the thought substitution process we had practiced on numerous occasions, encouraging her to remember and focus on all the positive things she knew about herself. Finally, I reminded her of all the positive experiences she had actually had with her boss, and I listed the essential qualities and accomplishments we were working to integrate into her self-image: her intelligence, integrity, resilience, kindness, and many successes at work and school.

Rescuing the Wounded Child

Over the course of a therapy, I often reframe emotional flashbacks as messages from the wounded inner child designed to challenge denial or minimization about childhood trauma. It is as if the inner child is clamoring for validation of past parental abuse and neglect: "See this is how bad it was—how overwhelmed, terrified, ashamed and abandoned I felt so much of the time."

When seen in this light, “emotional flashbacks are also signals from the wounded child that many of her developmental needs have not been met. Most important among these are the needs for safety and for Winnicottian good-enough attachment.” There are no needs more important than those of a parent's protection and empathy, without which a child cannot own and develop her instincts for self-protection and self-compassion—the cornerstones of a healthy ego. Without awakening to the need for this kind of primal self-advocacy, clients remain stuck in learned self-abandonment and rarely develop effective resistance to internal or external abuse, and seldom gain the motivation to consistently use the 13 tools for managing emotional flashbacks at the end of this article.

When clients recognize that their emotional storms are messages from an inner child who is still pining for a healthy inner attachment figure, and when they are able to internalize the therapist's acceptance and support, they gradually become more self-accepting and less ashamed of their flashbacks, their imperfections and their dysphoric affective experience. When the therapist repeatedly models feeling-based indignation at the fact that the client was taught to hate himself, the client eventually feels incensed enough about this experience to begin standing up to the inner critic and of investing in the extensive work of building healthy self-advocacy. When the therapist consistently responds compassionately to the client's suffering, the client's capacity for self-empathy and self-forgiveness begins to awaken. He gradually begins to desire to comfort and soothe himself in times of cognitive confusion, emotional pain, physical distress, or real-life disappointment, rather than surrender to an inner torture of self-hate, self-disappointment, and self-abandonment.

Around this time in therapy, the client also solidifies her understanding that the lion's share of the energy contained in her intense emotional flashbacks are actually appropriate but delayed reactions to various themes of her childhood abuse and neglect. Gradually—often at the rate of two steps forward and one back–-she is able to metabolize these feelings in a way that not only resolves her trauma, but builds new, healthy, self-empowering psychic structure as well. This, in turn, leads to an ongoing reduction of the unresolved psychic pain that fuels her emotional flashbacks, which subsequently become less frequent, intense and enduring. Eventually, a person experiencing an emotional flashback begins to invoke a sense of self-protection as soon as she realizes she is triggered, or even immediately upon being triggered. As flashbacks decrease and become more manageable, the defensive structures built around them (narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, dissociative and/or codependent) can be more readily deconstructed.

Moving through Abandonment into Intimacy: A Case Study

A sweet, middle-aged male client of mine from an upper-middle-class family had suffered severe emotional abandonment in childhood. Both parents were workaholics and therefore unavailable; as the youngest of five children, my client was hamstrung in the sibling competition for scarce parental resources. His adulthood reenacted the relational impoverishment of childhood. He was hair-triggered for retreat and isolation. He had never experienced an enduring relationship. As a result of our long-term work, however, he became more motivated to seek a relationship, and successfully dated a healthy and available partner. For the first six months of their relationship, her kind nature, along with my coaching, enabled him to show her more and more of himself, and he was rewarded by increasing feelings of comfort and love while relating with her.

When he accepted her request to move in together, however, it became harder to hide his recurring emotional flashbacks to the overwhelming anxiety and emptiness of his childhood. He was more convinced than ever that the abandonment melange of fear, shame and depression at the core of his flashbacks was the most despicable of his many fatal flaws. As we worked with this belief in therapy, he remembered many times when even the mildest dip in his mood triggered his psychotherapist mother to turn her back on him and flee to the inviolability of her locked room. He saw that the occasional utility his mother found in him depended on his keeping her buoyant and lifting her spirits. He was traumatized into a staunch conviction that social inclusion depended on his manifesting a bravura of love, listening and entertainment. A codependent defense of fawning and performing had been instilled in him. Now he could not shake off the fear that if he ever deviated from being loving, funny and bright, his new partner would be disgusted and abandon him. He reported that, in fact, his flashbacks at home had increased, provoking a desperate need to isolate and hide. His freeze response was activated and he increasingly disappeared from her into silence, the computer, excessive sleeping, and marathon TV sports viewing. “During his most intense flashbacks, his fear and self-disgust became so intense that his flight response took over and he invented any excuse to get out of the house. He was besieged by thoughts and fantasies of being single again.” His inner critic was winning the battle; he was sure his partner was as disgusted with his affect as his mother had been. He was on the verge of a full-fledged flight response into the old habit of precipitously ending relationships, as he always had in the past when the brief infatuation stages of his few previous relationships came to an end.

We spent many subsequent sessions managing these emotional flashbacks to his original abandonment. He understood more deeply that his silent withdrawals were evidence that he was flashing back, and he committed to rereading and using the 13 steps of flashback management at such times. With my encouragement and gentle nudging, he grieved over his original abandonment more deeply and more self-compassionately than ever before in our work together. Over and over, he confronted the critic's projection of his mother onto his partner. He practiced grounding himself in the present, and at home began talking to his girlfriend about his experiences of flashing back into the abandonment melange. A crowning achievement occurred when he was finally able to disclose to her that talking vulnerably made him feel even more afraid and ashamed—and deserving of abandonment.

To his great relief, he was rewarded not only by her empathic response but also by her gratitude for his vulnerability, and she began to share an even deeper level of her own vulnerability. For the first time, he began talking to her while he was actually depressed. Their love then began to expand into those special depths of intimacy that are only achieved when people feel safe enough to communicate about all of their cognitive, emotional and behavioral experiences—the good and the bad, the gratifying and the disappointing, the loving and the mad. (One of the great rewards of this kind of recovery work is that the individual achieves a depth and richness of communication and contact that many non-traumatized people miss out on because wider social forces have scared and shamed them out of ever sharing anything truly vulnerable.) As my client became more skilled at being vulnerable, he was rewarded with the irreplaceable intimacy that comes from commiseration—another gift that many less-traumatized members of our culture never get to discover. The degree to which two individuals mutually share all aspects of their experience is the degree to which they have real love and intimacy.

“As clients learn to identify flashbacks as normal responses to abnormally stressful childhood conditions, they become free of the fear and shame that have made them isolate, overreact, or push others away at such times.” Most clients experience tremendous relief when they learn to interpret their overwhelming or excessively numbing experiences as emotional flashbacks, rather then as proof that they are bad, defective, worthless or crazy. Such realizations—as rapidly evaporating as they can be in early recovery—heal the fear and shame so central to emotional flashbacks. As clients learn to stay in contact and communicate functionally from their pain, they begin to heal their core abandonment depression; they gradually discover that they are not detestable but lovable and acceptable in their deepest vulnerability. This begins to heal their attachment disorders, the most deleterious part of Complex PTSD. It allows them to evolve toward what some traumatologists call an earned secure attachment. For many people this first secure attachment is achieved with the therapist, which in turn allows the client to know that such an invaluable experience is possible. With ongoing psychoeducation and coaching from the therapist, this first safe-enough relationship can become the launching pad for seeking such a relationship outside of therapy. The ending phase of therapy is typically characterized by the client building at least one good-enough, earned secure attachment outside of therapy—one relationship where she has learned to manage her flashbacks without excessively acting out against others or herself.

Challenges and Rewards for the Therapist

What I find most difficult about this work is that it is often excruciatingly slow and gradual. Nowhere is this truer than in the work of shrinking the toxic inner critic. Progress is often beyond the perception of the client, especially during a flashback, and flashbacks are unfortunately never completely arrested.

“The hardest thing of all is getting the client to see that emotional flashbacks, a bit like diabetes, are a lifetime condition that will always need a modicum of management.” Good-enough management creates a good-enough life—one where flashbacks markedly and continually decrease but inevitably recur from time to time. Failure to accept this reality typically causes the client to reinvoke her old reactions to flashbacks, which in turn cause her to get lost in the self-abandonment of blaming and shaming herself.

What I love most about this kind of trauma work is seeing clients with a long history of developmental arrest, as well as feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, begin to become empowered. I am delighted every time a client responds to her own suffering with kindness or reports an action of self-protectiveness in the world at large. I love witnessing the gradual growth of self-confidence and self-expression in my clients. This inevitably seems to grow out of their recovered ability to get angry about what happened to them in childhood and to use that anger to empower and motivate themselves to face the fear of trying on new, more assertive behavior. I am also especially moved when a client learns to cry for himself in that fully functional, unabashed way where tears release fear and shame. In my experience, nothing catharsizes fear and catastrophizing obsessiveness like egosyntonic tears. I have, on thousands of occasions, witnessed clients grieving in a way that resurrects them from a flashback, back into their growing self-esteem and resourcefulness.

Another highlight of this work for me comes in the early and middle stages of therapy. I like to call it rescuing the client from the hegemony of the critic. I believe there is an unmet childhood need for rescue that I help meet when I "save" my client from the critic—unlike Mom who didn't save him from his abusive dad, or unlike the neighborhood that didn't rescue him from his alcoholic family. Decades of trauma work have taken me to a place where my heart no longer allows me to be silent, and hence tacitly approving, when clients verbally and emotionally abuse themselves in a gross overidentification with the inner critic. I am additionally motivated to do this because of the failure of my own first long-term experience of psychoanalytic therapy, where my "blank screen" therapist let me flounder and perseverate in endless iterations of my PTSD-acquired self-hate and self-disgust. Never once was it pointed out that I could and should challenge this anti-self behavior. UCSF trauma expert Harvey Peskin would call this a failure to bear witness to the traumatization of the child. I have learned to take this a step further by not only vocally witnessing the client's flashback into the helplessness of his original abandonment, but also giving him a hand to climb out of that abyss of fear and shame.

The term rescuing and what it represents has become a taboo in the 12-Step Movement (e.g. Alcoholics Anonymous, Adult Children of Alcoholics, Incest Survivors Anonymous, etc.) and many psychotherapy circles. The word is often used in such an all-or-none way that any type of active helping is pathologized. However, I think helping clients out of the abyss of emotional flashbacks is a necessary form of active helping, or rescuing. The rescuing I refer to is different from the kind that many therapists correctly view as disempowering and unhealthy for the client. One example of this type of countertherapeutic rescuing is inappropriate or excessive advocacy. Colluding with or encouraging personal irresponsibility, such as exonerating a client's regressed or infantile acting out without steering him towards learning to interact more responsibly and salubriously with himself and the world is also a common type of problematic rescuing.

A final great reward I experience in helping clients manage their emotional flashbacks is witnessing the development of their emotional and relational intelligence. At the risk of sounding Pollyannaish, I believe Complex PTSD actually has a silver lining: the potential to reconnect with these intelligences at much deeper levels than those who are not traumatized in the family, but who suffer a truncation of their emotional self-expression and relational capacity. Wider social forces can strand individuals in the loneliness of superficial relating and can cause them to hide significant aspects of their emotional experience. A number of my clients in the later stages of recovery work have built and earned relationships that exhibit a depth of intimacy I rarely see in the general population.

*All names and identifying information have been changed to protect client confidentiality.

Managing Emotional Flashbacks: A Handout for Clients

1. Say to yourself: "I am having a flashback." Flashbacks take us into a timeless part of the psyche that feels as helpless, hopeless and surrounded by danger as we were in childhood. The feelings and sensations you are experiencing are past memories that cannot hurt you now.
2. Remind yourself: "I feel afraid but I am not in danger! I am safe now, here in the present." Remember you are now in the safety of the present, far from the danger of the past.
3. Own your right/need to have boundaries. Remind yourself that you do not have to allow anyone to mistreat you; you are free to leave dangerous situations and protest unfair behavior.
4. Speak reassuringly to your Inner Child. The child needs to know that you love her unconditionally—that she can come to you for comfort and protection when she feels lost and scared.
5. Deconstruct eternity thinking. In childhood, fear and abandonment felt endless—a safer future was unimaginable. Remember the flashback will pass as it has many times before.
6. Remind yourself that you are in an adult body with allies, skills and resources to protect you that you never had as a child. (Feeling small and little is a sure sign of a flashback.)
7. Ease back into your body. Fear launches us into "heady" worrying, or numbing and spacing out.

  • Gently ask your body to relax. Feel each of your major muscle groups and softly encourage them to relax. (Tightened musculature sends unnecessary danger signals to the brain.)
  • Breathe deeply and slowly. (Holding the breath also signals danger.)
  • Slow down. Rushing presses the psyche's panic button.
  • Find a safe place to unwind and soothe yourself: wrap yourself in a blanket, hold a stuffed animal, lie down in a closet or a bath, take a nap.
  • Feel the fear in your body without reacting to it. Fear is just an energy in your body that cannot hurt you if you do not run from it or react self-destructively to it.

8. Resist the Inner Critic's catastrophizing.

(a) Use thought-stopping to halt its exaggeration of danger and need to control the uncontrollable. Refuse to shame, hate or abandon yourself. Channel the anger of self-attack into saying no to unfair self-criticism.
(b) Use thought-substitution to replace negative thinking with a memorized list of your qualities and accomplishments.

9. Allow yourself to grieve. Flashbacks are opportunities to release old, unexpressed feelings of fear, hurt, and abandonment, and to validate—and then soothe—the child's past experience of helplessness and hopelessness. Healthy grieving can turn our tears into self-compassion and our anger into self-protection.
10. Cultivate safe relationships and seek support. Take time alone when you need it, but don't let shame isolate you. Feeling shame doesn't mean you are shameful. Educate those close to you about flashbacks and ask them to help you talk and feel your way through them.
11. Learn to identify the types of triggers that lead to flashbacks. Avoid unsafe people, places, activities and triggering mental processes. Practice preventive maintenance with these steps when triggering situations are unavoidable.
12. Figure out what you are flashing back to. Flashbacks are opportunities to discover, validate and heal our wounds from past abuse and abandonment. They also point to our still-unmet developmental needs and can provide motivation to get them met.
13. Be patient with a slow recovery process. It takes time in the present to become un-adrenalized, and considerable time in the future to gradually decrease the intensity, duration and frequency of flashbacks. Real recovery is a gradual process—often two steps forward, one step back. Don't beat yourself up for having a flashback.

When the Therapist Leaves: A Personal Account of an Unusual Termination

Often when we present a case, we present only the best of ourselves, or only those aspects that we feel confident will not be questioned. And sometimes we hide in the theoretical aspects of a case, rather than exposing ourselves more. I have always found our work to be more engaging, richer and more useful when we share not only the content of our cases, but what goes on inside ourselves. And so I have tried to be very open and honest about my own process, rather than hiding it, and hope that the material will generate valuable thought and reflection.

Several years ago, after years of building a psychotherapy practice on the West Coast, I closed my practice and moved to the East Coast. It was a very hard decision, one I made in support of my husband rather than one I initiated. Sometimes, I call that period my practice interruptus, a feeble joke, but it does hold some of the sense of what happened between my client, Louise1, and myself—an act of communion between two people, which is all too hastily cut off. Our therapy had been unusually intense and uniquely rewarding; it had tested my clinical skills and pushed me beyond what anyone had prepared me for in graduate school or in my post-graduate training. The process of our termination would prove to be just as challenging, as Louise would soon make three very extraordinary requests.

Anticipating the move

Before telling of the unexpected turns our therapeutic relationship took, I want to give some context to our work by outlining my own mixed reactions to my impending move even as my clients flailed about with their own reactions.

I was devastated. I was terrified of moving, of moving back to the East Coast, and being close to my childhood terrain. I was terrified of coming into the orbit of the depression I had grown up around, of drowning in it again. “I was scared at the idea of new beginnings, of losing my friends and my work, of having to start over; of losing my center, my ground.” I had trained for 10 years in the Bay Area with Jim Bugental, an existential-humanistic psychotherapist, and colleague of Rollo May and Irvin Yalom, and I had developed a broad referral base and a close-knit therapeutic community. My friends were almost all either therapists or involved in some sort of spiritual work. I was terrified of not being able to speak the language we shared with anyone on the East Coast.

Some part of me was also excited. I relished the idea of putting away my practice for a period of time, of not having to carry so many psyches with me day out and day in. The previous few years had been emotionally exhausting as I tried to balance the needs of a family, clients, and a mother with Alzheimer's. As I began to think about not working for a while, the sense of daily obligation began to feel heaver and heavier, the constant checking of phone messages, the hours of reflection and consultation, the concerns for my clients. I began to feel them like sucking entities, forever tied to my breast, weighing me down, eating me alive. Sometimes I didn't think I could last through the next few months. Then I would shift and feel my equally real concern for them, how tied I was to their lives, how much I learned from and valued their bravery and their struggles, how much I stabilized myself by learning to stay stable with them, and how much my life was enriched by my work.

I began to anticipate the loss of not knowing how my clients were, what they were doing, how they were struggling. I would feel the loss of connection deeply. I had seen most of my clients for several years. Some of them left for a while, and then returned. Some of course, I never really made contact with, or our relationship floundered early on and ended. But it was the long deep relationships that I both cherished and felt burdened by. I was often scared to tell them, not wanting to add pain or disappointment to their already difficult lives, and not wanting to field their reactions and add pain and disappointment to mine. I had only three months between the time of the decision and the move, three short months to process what should have come as a mutual and gradual decision and instead had come so abruptly.

I struggled to understand the best ways to handle these endings. I sought additional consultation, talked about it in my peer group, read what I could find. Most of the research material that I located focused on how to deal effectively with normal termination issues in the clinical hour: how to handle client anger or denial, the difference in termination of brief and long-term therapy, and the need for supervision. These terminations were all instigated by the client, planned for, prepared for. Very little focused on premature termination, except in the context of a year-long training rotation, and premature termination was what I had initiated with my clients. There was even less material on countertransference issues and the therapist's own reaction to termination, particularly, again, when the therapist initiated the termination and the therapy was not finished.

“I had expected to experience tremendous sadness myself, but I was struck by how often my grief was tinged with a sudden sense of relief, and toned with a measure of numbness.” My reactions were more complicated and confusing than I expected, and I had to monitor myself constantly. The most consistently challenging part lay in addressing both the reality of the nature of the relationship, the roles of therapist and client, and the more interpersonal aspect or mutuality of the situation. I wanted to acknowledge the real losses that we both faced while watching for what the client needed. This premature termination seemed to require more self-disclosure than I had anticipated, and I had to be watchful to contain my personal material so that any self-disclosure was always in the service of the client. Not any different than at any other point in the therapy, obviously . . . yet now the drama that was being played out and the intensity of the transference and countertransference made the entire process thrilling, exhausting, and overwhelming.

She watched herself watching me

I needed to terminate my work with Louise O, but it was not as simple as what the readings and consultations on termination suggested. Six years previously I had begun work with Louise. She was referred to me by a colleague who lived in a small town about 40 minutes away and it was clear she wanted to see someone who was not connected to her community. The safety I afforded was worth the inconvenience of the commute.

Louise was 32 and a single parent of an eight-year-old boy. She was well educated and worked at a demanding job. She initially came in because of feelings that had arisen as a result of her parents' recent separation and conversations with her father. She wasn't sure if she wanted to open up what might be a bottomless pit of feelings, but she wondered if there could be more pleasure in her life than just work. She spoke flatly and quite matter-of-factly about her life, about being a good teacher, and good at taking care of others and how she had no one bigger to lean on. Someone whom she had considered a friend had just turned on her after she had confided in her. I have to do it all myself, she said, and I am tired.

The second session she arrived with a very small puppy with a broken leg. She looked at me and with dry irony said, "Hmm, seems appropriate, don't you think?" There were hints of what was to come in these first hours together. “She was scared to look at me. Her eyes roamed the room, trying to familiarize herself with the details, trying to get comfortable. She watched herself watching me.” It was hard for her to self-initiate, and there was much silence.

A few months into our sessions, our work took a sharp turn. I had seen hints of her terror, but now we had built enough safety and trust in the room that she could fall headlong into it. Louise began every session the same way. She would spend several minutes looking silently around the room. Often within a few minutes, she had curled into a ball in the corner of the sofa, hiding her head. When the terror was most extreme, she hid altogether, pulling the cushions or the blanket over her. Sometimes, I would trigger it, by asking a question. Sometimes, it came with no obvious trigger. She would walk into the room, take off her shoes, and without a word collapse into the pillows.

I tried different strategies. Nothing could pull her out of it and I could coax no words. I was scared, impatient, angry, confused. “I began to dread our sessions. Was I being manipulated? What did she want from me? What was she re-enacting?”

I was a young intern when I began seeing Louise, just out of grad school. Fifty minutes of silence like this was difficult, and nothing in my training thus far had prepared me for what I came to realize was an unimpeded regression. My anxiety was enormous. What concerned me first was that my own discomfort as I sat in the room with her could become so great that I wanted to crawl out of my skin, or refer her out. Was I feeling some of what she felt inside, I wondered. How could I find my way through this unless I could tolerate it myself?

Tolerating my fears, entering hers

So what I began to do was to work first with my own anxiety. I would ground myself, imaging my body as a pyramid with a wide and stable base, dropping my attention into my belly. It was a kind of meditation, dropping the thoughts and simply working with the sensations in my body, until what felt unbearable softened and melted into a spacious quiet. I would gather my attention in the hara, or belly point (in Chinese and Japanese traditions, the hara is considered the seat of one's spiritual energy and the vital center of the self) and as I relaxed I could tolerate my fear and anxiety and enter into hers.

“I had to completely enter her internal world while staying firmly rooted in mine. It was the hardest work I had ever done.” I was reading some of Winnicott's papers to help me with this case and I came across Margaret Little's book, Psychotic Anxieties and Containment: A Personal Record of an Analysis With Winnicott, which is an account of her own analysis with Winnicott. She had herself worked through what she termed a psychotic regression, while still functioning as an analyst. I was struck upon reading her description of the work of sitting with a patient in this state: The analyst has to be able to give up his defenses against the same anxiety, the dread of annihilation, of loss of identity, both for himself and for his patient. At the same time his own identity must remain distinct and his reality sense unimpaired, keeping awareness on two extreme levels. He is in the position of a mother vis-a-vis her infant, but where neither he nor his patient is in fact in that situation. This calls for the same qualities as those of a good-enough mother: empathy with the infant on his level, and an ability to see him as a separate person. Not relying on his "professional" attitude to accept a direct relationship with him as distinct from the mirror image; psychically to merge with him, accepting the delusion of oneness with him; to tolerate his hate without retaliating when the original traumata are relived and to stand his own feelings when they are aroused.2

It was a confirming experience to read her work. It gave me courage and it expanded my understanding of the nature of the beast.

I began to imagine what her experience was and to try to articulate it for her, the one with no words. I was at sea here, moving into my own uncharted waters. My words did not come from my intellect but from some deeper place within, the same place from which I focused inwardly and from which I stabilized my attention. It is hard to describe . . . a type of merger state, which I could only sustain by deep relaxation and steady attention. I spoke very simply, as if to a child, making the implicit explicit. I put words to her black hole of experience: "You are frightened, your terror is so big, and you are so tiny." Sometimes I would try to describe her feeling in more detail, the sense of falling in space, of not being able to find her body, and to feel that even to move an inch or blink her eyes might result in complete annihilation: “"This experience is very old—it goes way back before you could talk, before you could put sense or words onto feeling."” Sometimes she looked at me blankly, and sometimes the glimmer of understanding would cross her face. As Margaret Little aptly puts it:

Such things arise from anxieties earlier than those of psychoneurosis; they concern survival and identity (Freud 1917), and for those who suffer from them the sound of words spoken may be important but not their meaning, so that verbal interpretation is of little use and other means of dealing with the anxiety need be found.3

I did not try to interpret with my words, but to translate. If my articulation matched her wordless experience, she might slowly raise her eyes, and look at me with terror and a just a whisper of trust. If I was inaccurate, she would shrink further into the sofa. If she was able to speak at all, they were simple phrases, a child's image of a bad thing, a bad thing waiting to grab her, to hurt her, but she could only whisper so softly that I could not hear her in my chair. She could not dare to speak up for fear that the bad thing would get her. I struggled fruitlessly to catch the phrases and so ultimately I began to sit beside her so I could hear her tiny words. “Sometimes I asked her to try to make contact with me through the terror, so she could begin to keep one foot in each reality, even if at first it was not a foot but maybe just a little toe.”

Holding Louise . . . the metaphorical and the literal

She could not make contact unless I initiated first. I would have to articulate some portion of her experience before she would chance a look at me. Sometimes I would ask, "Can you peek out?" Eventually she used her gaze to indicate a particular need, looking at my fingers and then away, sneaking a quick glance at my face for a clue if I had understood her desire for my finger, this link to another reality; at times she was unable to see through her internal darkness to even know where my finger was. We might sit through half a session with our little fingers interlocked. Margaret Little comments on this aspect of literal holding:

I feel it is appropriate to speak of the two things about which there has been the most misunderstanding—holding and regression to dependence. Winnicott used the word holding both metaphorically and literally. Metaphorically he was holding the situation, giving support, keeping contact in every level with whatever was going on, in and around the patient and in the relationship to him. Literally, through the long hours he held my two hands clasped between his, almost like an umbilical cord, while I lay, often hidden beneath the blanket, silent, inert, withdrawn, in panic, rage, or tears, asleep, and sometimes dreaming. . . . "Holding" of which "management" was always a part meant taking full responsibility, supplying whatever ego strength a patient could not find in himself, and withdrawing it gradually as the patient could take over his own. In other words, providing the "facilitating environment" where it was safe to be.4

I hardly fashion myself a Winnicott with his remarkable insight and skill, but breaking the boundary of no physical contact seemed not only appropriate, it seemed essential. To leave her alone in there would have been monstrous, and a replication of her original trauma. It was not a step I took lightly, however, and the responsibility of it weighed on me. Indeed, I also made use of consultation and supervision which I sought throughout this case.

There were of course other factors that made this work frightening. Louise had cut and burned herself for several years. At home, when her terror overwhelmed her, she would hide in her bed under the covers or lie for hours in the bath. She frequently felt suicidal. I worried for her son, though Louise was a responsible parent and careful to protect him from these patches of madness. Louise's job gave her summers off, and so summers were our most intense months, as Louise could devote more time to her healing. She kept a journal and wrote poetry. When the terror began to have form and she could not yet name it, I gave her paper and color and she drew the images. She wrote me letters on the days we did not meet, alternating between the voice of the exhausted Ms. O, that part of her that was capable of work and that drove to my office twice a week, and the voice of the child.

I read her children's story books as she lay curled on the sofa next to me. We called this fragile creature "the little one," in contrast to Ms. O who was so competent and so completely numb. It was like lifting veils of reality, so tenuous, so palpable.
“I held her hands in my lap at the end of each session for several years, talking to the little one who lay mute and terrified, wanting to be seen but terrified of the exposure.” She told me in our final weeks that more than anything else, it had been my willingness to hold the little one that had given her a tenuous thread to life.

Many years later, the day I told Louise that I was moving, I shook before I saw her. I was terrified. I was afraid of her fear, of going back to those sessions in the first few years when I had sat with her in silence. That would be the best, the silence. I was more afraid of what the worst might be. She had made tremendous progress in the last year, choosing life, she said, for the first time. "There are birds outside my windows singing," she said in that droll way of hers, "and birds are a good thing." Her episodes of regression were less frequent, though she could still be catapulted back into them, and it became easier to move in and out of them. She still wanted her hand-holding at the end of each session, though by now it had became a few minutes rather than half the session.

But as life would have it, her own situation that spring was very difficult. There were power plays in the administration at work, and her relationship was ending. She came in several weeks in a row in that completely retracted state, mute and unresponsive, and I knew from experience that I could not thaw her or draw her out any more quickly than she wanted. Pushing her in such a state previously had had consequences that had taken us weeks to unravel. So I had to postpone telling her my news for several weeks. This only heightened my own anxiety. Was I postponing telling her because I was afraid, or because it was too much for her to take at that moment? Each week I was torn between my fear of her overwhelm, the reality of her overwhelm, and my fear of shortchanging our time to process the termination.

Telling Louise

When I felt she was stable enough, I told her I had something difficult to tell her, and that I had had to make a very hard decision about my life that impacted her. I could feel her terror rising with my opening words. Before she even knew the content, she had pulled deep inside herself to receive it. Her eyes had lowered: she shrank into the sofa. From many years of being with her this way, I knew that as dissociated as she was, she could still hear my words. She could not respond in the moment, but she could listen. My voice was still the thread that tied us together.

So I talked. I told her that I would be moving and that I would be closing my practice. I told her why, and that I had not anticipated this when we began our work together. I spoke of the unexpected, the promise I had made to her so long ago that, barring the unforeseen, I would stay with her as long as she wanted me to; and now the unforeseen had come to pass.

I talked about the tie that we had, that had brought us this far. I brought up what was different now than when she had first come to see me. But mostly I talked about what I imagined she was experiencing, and tried to breathe through my own desperate fear that this would decimate her, that I would lose her, that she would begin cutting again, threaten suicide, and succeed. “I sat quietly with her in my silences, anchoring myself for both of us. She was shaking under her cushion cave, eyes like stone.” As the hour came to a close, Louise was still silent. I reminded her that we still had many weeks to deal with this. I stood up and went to the door. She picked up her bag without looking at me and moved heavily out of the room.

An extraordinary final request

Louise returned three days later, sat on the sofa, looked at me and said, "”I want three things, and I don't want you to say anything until I'm done. You know this is devastating for me.” We have always met in this room and I am not sure that you exist outside of this room. The only way that it will be okay for me to have you to leave is if I can know that you exist in the rest of the world as well. If I know that you are out there in the world, then you can still be with me in some way. I will have seen you out there, so that when I walk in the hills or come here, I can remember you in that surrounding and remember us together out there, and know that you still exist." She paused, gazed at me for a second then continued. "So I want to take a walk with you outside of this office. You can decide where; that really doesn't matter. Second, I want you to come to my house and see my room and my garden, and third, I want to see your garden."

“She had completely taken control of the session, and taken me by surprise.” I never had a client ask anything like this, nor would I anticipate anything like it again. What she was asking was further boundary-breaking and I needed to think it through. We spent the hour exploring her requests, and I told her I needed to think it through myself.

My gut response was to do it, but my intellect balked. I was afraid here, the same fear as when I was holding her. Was I doing more harm than good? Was I destroying the integrity of the container we had created? Was I gratifying her unnecessarily instead of working through her resistance to losing me? I talked about it in consultation, and in my own therapy.

From our conversations, I knew that she was not trying to change the nature of our relationship, or to turn me into a friend. She was trying to let go of me as her therapist, but internalize me at the same time. The natural process had been shortchanged, and she was, I think quite creatively, trying to effect what would have normally taken more years. The walk would bring us out into the real world, the place she had the most difficulty traversing. Walking was also a way she stabilized herself, even on the worst of days.

The second request was to see her garden. Our gardens were symbolic energies for both of us. Over the years she had described to me her garden's progress from a soil-less, rocky and barren lot. It was a pretty good metaphor, yes? Many of her colleagues had given her seedlings and cuttings, and several years before she had wanted cuttings from my garden as well. We had talked about what that meant to her, about alchemy, the magic and transformation of soil and plants and water, and the alchemy of what we were doing together in our little room, the internal garden. The symbolic and the real, the metaphors that made the future a viable possibility rather than an unbearable sentence. The mystery of the bulb that lies dormant all winter, hidden and unseen, no way to verify its existence except through faith, and then the magic of its growth and beauty each spring. It had been important to have some of the same plants that I had in my garden, the same flowers I had brought into my office every week, and important that I had been willing to share them with her.

For me to see her garden now, I knew, would be a verification of all she had gained. It was also, she said, a chance for her to show me what was calm and normal and settled in her, rather than the dissociated and broken self she most often brought to the office. And when she sat in her garden, she said, she would remember me there, too.

What she wanted from seeing my garden encompassed her first two requests. She could see me in my real world without impinging into my privacy. She did not want to see my house, which would be too real and scary. It was my garden, my creation, that held my essence for her. It was the third leg of the tripod.

The next session Louise asked me what I had decided. I told her that I thought it was a good plan and reiterated that we needed to keep talking more about each aspect as the time got closer. Again, I expressed my concern about not being finished. “She cut me off quickly and impatiently, as she did when she felt I was stating the too-obvious. "I know we aren't finished and that I have to find someone else," she professed boldly.” "I already called the woman whose workshop I went to last year and I have an appointment tomorrow to meet with her, but she isn't sure that she will have room for me in her schedule. If you will give the names of some therapists you think I could work with, that would be good, too. I know that I can't replace YOU and I also know that I am not ready to do this on my own. So I have to find someone who somehow I can continue with, and I want to have all of it, or as much as I can, in place before you leave."

It was astonishing to see the shift in her in a few days' time. Was this a resistance, a flight into health? It was what we called the Ms. O face of Louise: capable, high functioning, and often quite wise, but as cut-off from her true self as the little one. Ms. O could usually rally when needed and state her truth in a flat and practical way, but without much affect. I wondered if I should tag the resistance. Yes, she was finding a way to protect and minimize her loss, but she was also honoring our work by acknowledging her need to continue, by immediately looking for a something, without having to denigrate me in any way. She knew the depth of her grief, and knew that she could only let it trickle through or she would decompensate.

When we discussed her feelings over the next few weeks, she expressed sadness, disappointment, envy, fear, and numbness, but not anger. Anger she had shown me before when I truly misunderstood something important, or tried to impose my will on hers, as when I had strongly pushed her to be evaluated for medication when her escalating cutting and burning had been most frightening for me and most physically perilous for her. Yet anger at my leaving was too dangerous and too threatening for her to consider directly. Although I was quite sure that she did, indeed, feel anger towards me, I was also quite sure it was currently inaccessible, and I chose not to pursue it. It would be up to Louise and her new therapist to address such feelings down the road if and when it made sense to do so. On a more practical level, it did seem that Louise was constructively making use of her anger and intense feelings by taking action, suggesting plans about our endings, and taking active steps to find another therapist.

I was actually quite impressed by how she had taken charge of the situation. Yes, she relieved me of some of my burden, and I was wary of this. I was sometimes afraid she was taking care of me, protecting me from her terror and her anger, and from some of my own. Because of the strong psychic bond that we had, she, of all my clients, perceived the intense fear and ambivalence I had about my move. She asked me many direct questions about my decision and my feelings. I acknowledged my fears about the move, but presented them as something that I had to struggle with, as the challenge that they were (and still are), as the call into the unknown.

Louise was taking a sabbatical year, with the hope of not returning to her work at the end of it. It was a year we had both looked forward to, as a time of great healing and renewal for her, and I had drastically changed the look of that year. What I tried to do, without minimizing the extent of her loss, was to equalize to some degree the challenge we both faced with the unknown beckoning, so that I could model a way of standing next to, if not embracing, that which we feared. Louise had often said that she felt I was the first face she had imprinted on, and that she sometimes watched me to see what it was that humans did or were supposed to do, just the way a baby bird will imprint on its mother, surrogate or real. So I walked carefully between my self-disclosure and deflecting her questions back to her.

I wish there were some way to know if we did it right or not. One clue helped calm some of my fears. Louise came to see me soon after her meeting with her new potential therapist. The night before she had a dream. She was in the new therapist's office and there were two closets on opposite sides of the same wall, covered by lovely iridescent lavender satin scrims. Though she couldn't see inside them, she knew that the closets were huge and connected inside, so that in reality it was one large closet. And just in the doorway of one side of the closet, she could see a large ball of thread sitting on the floor . . .

“When I asked her to tell me more about the dream, she looked at me as if I was completely dense and stupid.”

When I asked her to tell me more about the dream, she looked at me as if I was completely dense and stupid. Louise taught using story and myth and she knew the story of Ariadne and the thread that she had given to Theseus to escape the labyrinth. She did not want to talk more about the dream, and there are of course many ways to understand and explore it. Most important was that it had profound meaning for her; it was her thread out of the labyrinth, and that there was no separation behind the lavender scrim, between any of the many dualities that we might consider. It was the end of our session, and we left it at that.

Entering the garden

During our last session, we met at my office, and she drove me to my house a few blocks away. We avoided the house and entered the garden gate, and she walked through the garden, noting the plants. I briefly told her the story of my garden's growth, from an empty plot of weeds to the lush Mediterranean retreat it was now. She recognized some of the irises that I had divided and given her. We didn't talk much. She soaked the garden in and after 10 minutes or so, she nodded she was ready to leave. We drove next to the marina. “We walked the trail that edges the water. We were not friends, not companions, but we were comrades. We had fought together.”

I was not comfortable. Many voices chattered in my head, many questions, many doubts. Again we did not talk much, but continued to walk along the path. There was no pretense of friendship. We were still therapist and client. A parafoil-propelled cart raced by on the path and we laughed in astonishment. We had no script for any of this.

The following Saturday I drove 40 minutes to her house. She made me coffee and took me through her garden. It was wilder than mine, with tall grasses and tumbling masses of hardy perennials, with rock-lined paths and a mosaic bird bath. I could imagine the slow transformation from scrabble soil and a weedy lot to this most imaginative garden spot. We meandered our way through her backyard, periodically stopping to listen to the birds. I was hyper-aware, as I had been in my garden and on our walk, of every second ticking away. She pointed out the plants I had given her, and showed me others that had been given by friends or started from seed. A mockingbird flicked its tail as it rested on the branch of a tree and a hummingbird swooped past on its way to feed at a scarlet Mexican sage. As I stood with her I realized that I had never listened so intently to the sound of buzzing bees.

We re-entered the house and she took me into her room. Part bedroom, part study, part cocoon, her room was draped with dyed swaths of silk scarves, the walls hung with her artwork, overflowing bookshelves. She had created a true retreat, a nest of safety, filled with color and form and whimsy. Look, she said and pointed behind me. I turned to see what she was pointing to: a statue. In my office, I have always had a small statue of Kwan Yin, a representation of the Chinese goddess of compassion. There on the floor next to her bed was a larger version of the same statue. "The parents of my students got together and gave her to me," she said. "And they didn't know anything about the one in your office." Her eyes were wide as she said, "They gave you to me."

As I left her house and walked to my car, I was struck by how in fact I was doing the final leaving, not her. The enormousness of our ending hung on me in the way that time seems to stop for a moment. My own mother had died that winter and I had been blessed with the grace and good fortune to be with her as she took her last breath. As I left Louise's house, I had the same sense of leaving the hospital after my mother's death: grief, gratitude, and an appreciation of the infinite mystery of life.

The client's side: Louise responds

Prior to publishing this article, I sent it to Louise, asking for her permission to tell the story of our work together. It has been eight years since we had our last session in the garden. This is Louise's response, which she also gave permission to publish here:

I've read your paper through twice now and have many thoughts. Yesterday, after the first time I read it through, my first response was one or two tears. Very basically, I was sad I had caused you pain (anger). And then I woke up in the night and asked myself all-important questions: What else were those tears about? They were definitely the little one's tears. She still exists, of course, tucked in very safe within myself. And then, also, I began to go through the times you talk about and ask, "How did that coin look from my side?" “I remember why I started therapy, the absolute clarity that I was not willing to live without feeling.” That the feelings were there somewhere and must be gotten to if I was going to be alive.

I also know that I had a picture of what therapy would be like that was not in any way what happened. What I expected was something involving talking . . . out loud. You would ask I would answer. The work would go somewhere. All would be revealed. All would be healed. Uh-huh. And at the same time, yep, that's true.

When I teach adults I often work through with them pictures of the twelve senses. The first of the senses is touch. "Touch" is not tactile. It is a sense located in the organ of the skin, an awareness of the skin as a boundary, a boundary that gives you certainty that you exist and are an entity, something real. The place your spirit can exist on the earth. "Touch" is what allows you to take in and perceive the world and form memories. Memories that you can access and name. Without a sense of touch a soul has no boundary, no container. Memories have no place to live and the feelings cannot coalesce into something cognizant and meaningful. They are just pure emotion swirling around, nameless, overwhelming, annihilating.

“To live without a functioning sense of touch is to live in constant fear. Fear of imminent annihilation, fear you are not real. I know about this. You know about this.” I know about this. You know about this. This is where I used to go. There were lots of feelings. Huge feelings. None of them nameable. None of them in context. All of them outside of me, surrounding me, bigger than me. If I could describe it at all it would be a feeling of all encompassing destruction by terror. Blown apart by terror.

I wanted to talk to you about my feelings. I assumed it would be in words an ear could hear. What happened was as soon as I began to access the feelings they were so big and so unnameable and so much outside of me that to even try to move around in them would have shattered me. Or at least that's how I felt. I had to freeze in them to make it through them. You know this.

The immobile silence I fell into in your office was the only way I could describe how I felt. I had no names and so could find no words, but! That silence, that frozenness, is still the most eloquent communication I have ever had with anyone about my experience. I never doubted you heard me. I have never been able to say it so clearly to anyone else. It was the language of gesture, but it was language. I would make it to your office, kick off my shoes and fall into that place because after a week of being emotionally silent I needed to talk. It felt like talk. It felt like rivers of words. Words in the normal sense had no connection to feeling for me. I did not have names for them, for the feelings, and so they did not exist. They were not a means to communicate.

What you did was give me names. Each time you named a feeling for me it became a letter, something that could be worked into words, written inside, where I could at least make some jumbled start at sorting things out, forming a narrative. Holding it and not being overwhelmed by it. You gave me a vocabulary. You taught me "fear," "sad," "angry."

In what you wrote about that time, where is the part where you acknowledge what you did? You speak of feeling frustrated, fearful, angry. The reason for the little one's tears. But then when I think on it, I think about your face, and the being of you that you brought to therapy, and I cannot find a scrap of frustrated, fearful, angry in it. I don't mean you did not feel those things. But I can smell those things coming for miles away. I can hear them in the tones of someone's voice. If you had brought them with you the little one would have seen that coming a long way off. And you would not have known her. My point is that “while your intellect may have been sifting through lint, your heart was always as smart as they come.” You might say, "Ah yes, but I needed to project such perfection on you." Maybe.

Maybe not. When you were not perfect, I believe I mentioned it. You did not need to be perfect. You loved me. You saw me. You trusted your heart and so you saved me, because you gave me the vocabulary to begin to make for myself a skin. A container. A place I could live and do live. That simple. Whatever you felt outside the room, however much you might have doubted yourself, the greatest part of what you did bring was strong and true. If it was not so, the little one would have known it. I would have known it. And I trust my instinct.

And then about the leaving. We worked together for six years. It's been eight years now that you have been gone. When you left we were not done. And yet we had to be. Whether or not I had reached bottom it became bottom because there was no more time. Yes, it was terrible. Yes, it was devastating. Yes, it broke my heart. But at least I could feel it. And because it had to, something began to happen at just that moment. I did not know it then, but I know it now when I look back and try to trace something. This is my side of that coin.

Have no doubt that I was protecting you when you left. I remember that very clearly, committing myself to not letting you in to all that I felt about it so that you would not feel worse than you already did and I knew you did. This was a very clear choice made because it was the only way I knew to honor what you did for me. But something else happened too.

“The day you told me and I picked up and left without a word, I knew there was a choice. I could give up or go on.” And I went on. I picked going on. Partly for you and partly for me. I couldn't or didn't ask you what to do, but inwardly I looked around for someone to ask and someone showed up. In retrospect, that was the first time Ms. O showed up for me. Not in Ms. O teacher drag, but in PJs. Cozy so I didn't recognize her then.

I know I used to hate Ms. O, I know I raged at her for appearing to have no needs, so that my needs never got met. I know she was not real to me or for me. Not there for me. You used to try to interest her in me, in the little one. It didn't fly then. I remember feeling this. I have not thought of myself in these terms for a very long time, but if asked I would say now that I am Ms. O. I like her. The little one has a nice little home very deep but not hidden in her heart. Ms. O became my inner mother. Maybe she always was, but she and the little one had a horrible mother-daughter relationship. There's lots of talk about inner child; somewhere around forty-two or so I stumbled across my inner adult. A mother who would always figure out what to do. That's Ms. O for me now. The same one who takes care of many, and the one I can always ask and she has the answer. So in the night after I read your paper I started to think, when did this begin? How?

“But I asked myself what I needed and that part of me showed up with an answer about how to bring Amy outside the room.” When she's gone, no one's going to let you in this office any more. There won't be an office that is Amy's office, but there will be times you need her to be tangible. You will need to find her. Where can she go? And the answer was into the things that I love. I remember very clearly asking myself what I needed and myself answered.

What I remember about that walk was the light and the sparkle on the water. The wind. A friendly wind. Enough was let loose into that wind that I never did lose you. And by letting you see my room, my garden, enough of my strength was let loose, made visible, made real that I never did lose that either. Ms. O became for me an Amy. Not THE Amy, but something like one. An answerer of questions. I trust her as I trusted you then. I can ask her anything and she knows and it's the truth. My next therapist became somehow the witness to this. How strong I was got repeated in her office until it didn't need to be said again.

Were we done? No. Was there more we could have done? Yes. Could the bottom point have been deeper? Most likely. But it was enough.

Was I angry? In the sense that anger for me in those days was immediately directed inward, yep. But something else happened too. The only way to explain it is to tell you a parallel story. One year ago last summer I saw my father again. We emailed and then finally met face to face. First alone and then briefly with my therapist. I had plenty to say and I said it. I was angry. He knew it. He took it. He listened. He cried. And then he wrote me an email and he apologized. That was good. He said he took responsibility for all the bad that happened to me. That was better. And in that moment something happened. Call it alchemy. Or forgiveness. It happened in an instant, but it was real. I see my father now, quite often. My mother died and my father remarried and I like his wife. We talk on the phone several times a week.

There's still a part of me that holds stiff, that doesn't trust all the way through, but I'm sticking around to work that out. Was I angry at you for leaving? Yes. Hugely but briefly.

I knew your weren't choosing to leave me. I knew you were sorry. I have to say it was hard to read that you were relieved as well, but in all honesty there are days in my work to where I think, "Oh, to hell with this, I'm going to quit and write cheap novels." The point is the part of you that was sorry to leave me, to cause me pain, made it possible for me to be angry intensely and then get over it. In that sense there was a forgiveness. Long long ago. If I was angry through these years or still was I would know it because part of me would go "blah" inside (imagine tongue sticking out) when I thought of you.

If we had continued to work together eventually you would have been there for the meeting of Ms. O and the little one. Two things brought them together. Desperation precipitated by your leaving and the start of work where I could use my experience to heal others. A few years after you left I learned a new word: "happy." You weren't there to tell me the name of that feeling, but without "sad," "fearful," "angry," I would have never got to "happy." You weren't there but someone was in here who I could ask and she let me know.

Notes

1 "Louise" is a psuedoynm.
2 Little, Margaret I. Psychotic Anxieties and Containment: A Personal Record of an Analysis With Winnicott (NY: Jason Aronson, 1990), pp. 88-89.
3 Little, p. 86.
4 Little, pp. 44-45.

The Empty Chair: Making Our Absence Less Traumatic for Everyone

Have you ever considered what might happen to your practice, your clients, and files when you retire or if you suddenly became ill, or died? Do you have a plan? This article will help you formulate the plan you need. Of course, we all think such a plan is a good idea, but few therapists have thought through what would happen, let alone developed a simple, doable plan of action. This article introduces a nuts-and-bolts toolkit that you can print out and complete on your own computer. It includes step-by-step guidelines for designing your own system to help you and your clients in the event of planned and unplanned absences from practice. The first section provides an overview of the advantages of writing out how you want your clients handled if you have to be out of the office. The second section helps you decide who you want to have cancel your appointments and deal with clients if you are unable to. Recommendations and experiences of other therapists will help you create your own plan. Lastly, the Blueprint for Therapeutic Continuity, sample letters, and forms that you can copy and print are provided for your personal use.

Thinking about illness, disability, death, retirement and disruptions in our work is uncomfortable. It makes us squirm. As therapists we are not immune to denial. This is especially true when it comes to planning for our own absences from work. In the 20 years that I have supervised and taught therapists, this has been the most difficult area for therapists to deal with and manage. In fact, most just don't deal with it.

"You will never die." Is that what you were told when you applied to graduate school? That is one theory I formulated when I began asking colleagues and workshop participants how they handle their absences from work and what plans they have for retiring or dealing with medical emergencies. The level of denial about mortality and limitations among therapists is impressive. Many therapists even talk about how fortunate they feel, because they can work well past normal retirement. A shocking number of therapists have not written a will, much less filled out a Durable Power of Health Care Decisions, a document that spells out your wishes about life-support systems and whether you want "comfort care" if you have a medical crisis, are in an accident or are unable to make your preferences known. In addition to the independence afforded by private practice, many therapists prefer not having to deal with mandatory retirement. Underlying our denial is the common sentiment, "They'll have to take me out of here on a stretcher." When I give workshops I jokingly repeat the sentiment "Therapists never die." Unfortunately we do, and we need to help our clients cope with that final separation and the smaller ones that occur along the way. “If you find yourself being scheduled for immediate bypass surgery tomorrow do you really want your spouse or partner to call your clients to cancel your appointments?”

Well, maybe you do, maybe you don't, but let's remember our obligation to make rational decisions that are in our client's best interests. Denial is sometimes so much easier! Yet how we plan or don't plan ahead for predictable and unpredictable, normal life changes will affect our clients, colleagues, friends and family members.

In Florida, or course, it is different. Relocated and retiring therapists who live in Florida are not allowed to indulge in such denial. Instead, their state laws are light years ahead of the rest of the country. Florida law requires therapists to place a newspaper ad announcing their upcoming relocation or retirement, as well as where former clients can get their records. Heirs to deceased therapists are required to place a similar ad, making public the fact that the therapist has died and providing contact information about how clients can obtain their files. Florida is one of the only states that mandates this system of public notification and transferring of client records.

It is uncomfortable to consider one's present and future vulnerabilities. Yet by investing the time in the unpleasant task of writing out your Therapeutic Continuity Blueprint, composing letters to be sent to clients in the event you are unable to do so, and drafting a script for your outgoing answering machine message, you will find unexpected relief. Knowing that you have tackled these uncomfortable yet important issues is surprisingly comforting.

Literature in this area is sparse. This paucity reflects our profession's discomfort with the topic. Psychoanalytic authors were the first to write about illness or death of the therapist and its impact on clients. This was followed by a growing, though small, body of literature addressing the effects of pregnancy on treatment. Since then there have been only a few articles that advise clinicians on how to prepare clients for their retirement or unexpected absences. (See references at end of this article.)

There are many forms of termination: planned, unplanned, and temporary. It is the most important, most often overlooked, phase of treatment. A healthy termination process allows time for goodbyes and cleaning up unfinished business. The safer a therapist makes this process for his or her clients, the greater the chance that clients will feel comfortable seeking treatment when they need it in the future.

One of the most curative aspects of any therapy is for clients to learn to speak the unspeakable. Unwanted terminations are a time when we (therapists) need to explicitly invite clients to discuss or ask questions about our absences or termination. Having a plan in place ahead of time can also drastically reduce the stress of dealing with the complex issues that can arise when we are most vulnerable. Do you really want your colleagues to have to do damage control for you, without knowing your wishes, if you are in a car accident, have a family emergency or die? 

Why We Need to Plan for Unexpected Absences

Denial of our own fragility and mortality is surprisingly pervasive among mental health professionals. As therapists, we are unaccustomed to revealing much of our private lives. Changes in our appearance, such as those due to pregnancy, illness, or disability, may force us to deal with clients' reactions. If we are in denial or conflicted about our situation, clients are likely to sense this and may be put in the all too-familiar, unhealthy position of protecting the person whose responsibility it is to protect them. Our own countertransference issues and resistance to telling clients about our medical situations may also impact continuity of treatment, creating unnecessary psychological damage.

There are several reasons why it is important to address these issues while one is in good health. Taking a proactive stance and preparing documents to be used by your Emergency Response Team, or ERT, will enable you to work these issues through in advance, better preparing you to make difficult choices about changing your practice due to health or other reasons. Taking on the challenge of creating an ERT is also a way of modeling good self-care and direct communication to your clients.

Thinking through and writing out a plan for how you want your colleagues to handle your clients in your absence is a big undertaking. Most therapists are overwhelmed when they consider planning for their retirement or unexpected absences from work. This article presents an ideal system. Only you can decide the types of information that are most important for your ERT to know about your practice. The samples are intended to help you prioritize the information that you believe will allow your ERT to be maximally effective.

To get a flavor of the importance of starting this project, it may be helpful to put yourself in a client's shoes for a moment. For example, “imagine the trauma of coming home from work to find a message from a friend asking whether you were going to attend a memorial service for your therapist.” The last you heard from your therapist was a message canceling your appointment. You had no idea that your therapist had been ill.

The following example is typical of the problems created when therapists have not planned ahead for unexpected personal crises and absences from work.

Darlene, a management consultant who had been working on early childhood trauma issues, learned of her therapist's life-threatening illness by mail. She was upset to learn that he would be unable to work for an indefinite period of time and hurt that the brief letter she received included a request for payment. This excessively considerate woman had difficulty believing she had the right to information about her therapist's condition. Her efforts to take care of herself were further hindered when she had to deal with her therapist's wife, who was, herself, in crisis. The result of this unskillfully handled crisis was that Darlene was re-traumatized, and her work and marriage suffered. The trust issues that motivated her to seek treatment were recreated, and she once again felt that no one was safe to trust. After months of disruptions in her home and work life, she was able to start therapy with a new therapist. It took her a year of treatment before she could deal with her feelings about her previous therapist. She was one of the fortunate ones. There are no statistics on how many clients are unable to risk starting over with a new therapist.

The next example involves my father, a psychiatrist, who had a clinical psychotherapy practice:

When my father, a psychiatrist in private practice, became critically ill, I was asked to take over his psychotherapy client load. Since he did not have an Emergency Response Team, I was forced to assume the roles of both personal gatekeeper and Bridge Therapist, a colleague designated to serve a transitional function for clients during a therapist's absence. The final termination session I arranged for him with his long-term outpatient group was one of the most difficult and enriching experiences of my life. Nevertheless, it was a salvage job that could have been avoided had there been adequate planning and preparation on my father's part. My personal experiences taking over his long-term therapy group when he became terminally ill are presented in "When the Therapist Has to Cancel," The California Therapist, January, 2001.

Our responsibility as therapists is clear: to provide the best possible care and to do no harm. Whether you view transference as an important part of clinical work or not, many of our clients develop close attachments and benefit from being able to "count on" our consistency and continuity of treatment. Often, we are the first dependable, consistent relationship they have experienced.

Further, some clients have never experienced the safety of successfully testing another human being's willingness to hear their pain and anger. Though a client may become unreasonably angry upon discovering we are ill, it is our duty to be there for him or her, to tangibly demonstrate that, within reason, his or her anger won't push us away. Weathering a client's anger and pain can be a major curative factor in their treatment.

The purpose of the ERT and the Therapeutic Continuity Blueprint is to protect and respect the needs of our clients. It also helps clinicians in a number of significant ways. First, it serves as a reminder that we are neither invincible nor immortal. Thus, we can be more realistic about our own personal needs as well as those of our clients. Additionally, by planning ahead, we can minimize the potential damage and disruptions caused by all kinds of absences, from vacations to retirement.

When exploring the uncomfortable topic of becoming ill or having to cancel sessions unexpectedly, it is helpful to consider your therapeutic style and values. Therapists who view their role as that of a coach or teacher will have a different perspective on the type of arrangements they feel are appropriate if they are unable to say goodbye to clients in person. For example, in preparing for their deaths, some psychodynamic therapists may prefer to plan a memorial service designed exclusively for their clients with a specified colleague present. However, a more eclectic therapist might prefer a public memorial service that is open to his religious community, family, and clients. Still others may prefer no formal service. By taking charge of how we want these difficult issues addressed, we can better serve our clients and preserve energy to care for ourselves in the future.

Borrowing Someone Else's Brain

In my writings about coping with illness, I refer to "Borrowing Someone Else's Brain," a process where, when one is ill, one needs to have someone else help think through difficult decisions. Borrowing someone else's brain is a temporary process that does not mean relinquishing permanent control or admitting defeat. Having a few trusted colleagues with whom you can discuss the emotional topics of retirement, leaves of absence, and significant medical problems is a true gift.

When a Bay Area therapist died without an ERT in place, Mardy Ireland, Ph.D. and Kathy Mill, LCSW, formed a group of mental health professionals who met over the course of two years. In these meetings they dealt with the aftermath of this clinician's death and created a plan to protect themselves and their clients in a similar eventuality. Their plan lists several important functions that the ERT can serve. They suggest that the ERT can administer your practice in your absence and can serve as a consultation and support group for one another. (Personal communication, Mardy Ireland, May 2000.)

Ireland's group also introduced the concept of a Bridge Therapist, a colleague who would serve a transitional function for clients during a limited period of time to assist with such crises as:

  • Deciding whether and when to end therapy with you if you become seriously ill or unable to work.
  • Mourning and reminiscing about you after you have stopped practicing.
  • Helping to promote resolution and closure on a therapy that has ended through your illness or death.
  • Discussing a treatment plan and possibly making a referral to another therapist.

There are a number of reasons to pick your ERT and your Bridge Therapist with care. Both you and your clients will rely on these trusted people when you are incapacitated. Additionally, they are being entrusted to protect you and your clients if your clinical judgment becomes impaired.

Words of comfort: “This is a big project, emotionally and physically. You need not do it all at once.” But you do need to do it. Unfortunately, few among us received training in how to handle disruptions in our practice due to our own personal emotional and medical crises. By simply taking this process one step at a time, you will make quick progress.

The Nuts and Bolts of Creating Your Own Emergency Back-up Plan

Suggestion: Take big breaths as you read this article. Remember that the Therapeutic Continuity Blueprint and the other materials you will write are best viewed as works in progress. The most important thing is that you start now. Why not take 10 minutes and start a temporary folder labeled "In Case of Emergency"? What follows is a step-by-step plan designed to move you through the process of designing your own plan:

Step One: Selecting your Emergency Response Team (ERT)
Consider the person or people who cover for you when you are unavailable (i.e., on vacations or at professional conferences). Here you have the foundation for an ERT. If your current back-up system works, consider making it more formal. Ask your current back-up people to be your ERT members and consider developing a system in which you serve as ERT members for each other. Select who you want to be your Bridge Therapist. The next step is to write out important information about clients that may be at risk or have special needs.

Step Two: Drafting the Information for ERT
Start writing a rough draft of the information your ERT will need in order to make covering your practice in the event of an emergency less overwhelming. Begin talking to colleagues you are considering having be part of your ERT. The process of setting up your ERT and filling out the Blueprint will be easier and more enjoyable if you work on it with trusted colleagues. Once you have formed a formal or informal group, make a plan for how often you want to meet. Consider scheduling meeting times more frequently while you are in the planning stages. Once your "system" is up and running, you may decide to only meet occasionally. Consider scheduling time to initially meet on a monthly basis while you are in the planning stages. The following is a list of critical clinical information for your ERT:

Checklist for Creating Your ERT

  • Latest copy of your Blueprint for Therapeutic Continuity.
  • List of active cases, updated when necessary, include supervisees, consultees, and appointment times.
  • Brief client and group summaries, vital information about each client and or group.
  • Where to leave a confidential message for each client (their preferred home and work numbers.)
  • Recommendations for interacting with specific individual clients and group members.
  • List of former clients from the prior year and significant former clients.
  • Two sample letters for ERT to send clients to inform them of your death or temporary absence (templates available at end of this article).
  • Location and instructions for disposition of manuscripts, teaching files, lectures, books, journals, or tapes.
  • Directions for retrieving and changing the outgoing message on your office answering machine.
  • Suggested outgoing answering machine message.
  • Detailed directions regarding location of keys, computer passwords, burglar alarm and other codes.
  • List of preferred referral therapists.
  • Wishes and directions regarding memorial, including suggestions for groups.

Step Three: Creating Client Contact Summaries
When your Bridge Therapist goes to your office, the last thing he or she needs is to have trouble finding information like phone numbers and which clients may need extra follow-up. By taking time to put this information together now, you will be reducing stress for your ERT and increasing their ability to be helpful to your clients. The ERT can operate most effectively if you keep a file containing a one to two page summary about each client. (See the sample Client Contact Summary Sheet at the end of this article, which will be enormously helpful to the Bridge Therapist.) Clients with a history of suicidality and those who may have significant difficulty coping with your absence need to be identified and recommendations should be made for helping them. Using this form will cue you to provide the necessary information in your practice. This form is designed to make it easy for you to list information your ERT will need in your absence to provide quality follow up care for your clients.

Realistic Maintenance Plan for Client Summaries
Once your ERT plan and Therapeutic Continuity Blueprint are written, take a moment to determine, realistically, how often you will update your client summaries. Ideally, client summaries should be updated yearly. These summaries need not be longer than a few paragraphs. They simply need to be clear and concise. You may decide to mark this task on your calendar as part of preparing for vacations. Try scheduling it a few weeks before your vacation so you can do a few each week.

If you don't already have a central file that lists all your clients and their contact information, start one now. Consider including a cover page that lists client names and phone numbers, highlighting any clients that are particularly vulnerable or at high risk for suicide. The Client Contact Summary Sheet provides a place to note whether the client might be at risk or is likely to have special needs when contacted about your absence. If there are major changes in the nature of the treatment relationship, or other significant events, add a brief note about these changes to the summary page. Add updates more frequently for those clients that are higher risk or who have special needs. By including these updates in this form you can avoid writing more frequent summaries. You could also keep backup summaries in your computer making it easy to make any changes or additions.

A copy of this summary should also be kept on the inside cover or back of each client's file. The anxiety you may feel at the prospect of doing this work now is minimal in comparison to the stress you and your Bridge Therapist are likely to feel when these forms are needed. Knowing that you have done the best you can to make it as easy as possible for your ERT is an investment in having more peace of mind.

Step Four: Using the ERT

When the Therapist Becomes Cognitively Impaired
The possibility that therapists may become impaired, either as a result of a medical or substance abuse problem, is another taboo topic that has only recently been addressed. The Blueprint for Therapeutic Continuity presented in this article includes a section about the help you want in the event that you develop a chemical dependence, organic illness, or mental illness that interferes with your judgment and/or jeopardizes your clients' well-being. The section entitled In the Event of My Mental Incapacitation spells out specific steps the ERT should take if they have reason to believe your clinical judgment is impaired.

Illness and Death of a Therapist
Jacques Rutsky, in his article, "Taking Care of Business: Writing a Professional Will" (The California Therapist, April, 2000), points out that, “if you are ill, both you and your family may need to be shielded from clients' well-intentioned, yet possibly unwelcome, curiosity, concern and questions”. Thinking through, and spelling out your preferences while in good health will make dealing with illness or death less traumatic for everyone concerned, particularly close family members who may already have enough on their hands.

The Blueprint for Therapeutic Continuity includes a section in which you may indicate your wishes about a memorial service. Depending on your theoretical orientation, you may be more or less comfortable encouraging your family to allow clients to attend or participate in a memorial service. As with the majority of the questions raised in this article, therapists need to tailor these documents and memos according to their theoretical beliefs, as well as the nature of their practice and personal references.

If you run groups, work in an agency setting, or other organization, you may have specific preferences and recommendations for how to best allow the members to grieve together. The clearer your directions are, the better prepared the designated facilitator of your memorial will be. An example of the Blueprint for Therapeutic Continuity can be found at the end of this article.

Step Five: Gathering all your Information

Creating Your List of Referral Therapists
This is a list of colleagues whom you would recommend as long-term therapists for your clients after the Bridge transition. In addition to their clinical skills, you might consider the following:

  • Whether the therapist is too close to you to be comfortable encouraging clients to discuss their anger about losing you, and other painful emotions.
  • Whether your clients may have had social contact with either your ERT or therapists to which you plan to refer them.
  • Where appropriate, include a list, in the Client Contact Summary Sheet, of clinicians that are less likely to have potential dual relationships.

Contents of File for Executor and Attorney

  1. Copy of your license and your malpractice insurance face sheet.
  2. Contact information for professional organizations and colleagues you want notified about the changing circumstances of your practice.

Financial Records and Collections File
The Blueprint for Therapeutic Continuity states that only people who are trained to handle confidential client information are to have access to client's financial records. Your letter to the ERT should include directions for how to handle outstanding balances due and insurance bills that have not yet been submitted for reimbursement.

Sample Documents
The Blueprint for Therapeutic Continuity and letters presented here are designed to be used as templates, or guides. Each clinician should modify the sample documents to fit the needs of his or her particular style and treatment population. It may also be beneficial to consult an attorney.

Sample Memos and Letters to your ERT
Your ERT needs two letters in draft form that can be mailed to clients if you are incapacitated or have died unexpectedly. It bears repeating that it is best to prepare these letters while you are in good health, rather than waiting for an emergency.

The Blueprint for Therapeutic Continuity requests that a member of the ERT put a note on the office door, notifying clients that you have cancelled appointments and to expect a phone call with further details. Depending on the type of practice, you may want to ask that an additional note be posted with the name and telephone number of the ERT Bridge Therapist and suggest that clients call with questions.

Make three copies of each of these letters and the Blueprint and memos and distribute them in the following way:

  1. Put one in a safety deposit box, or other safe, secure location.
  2. Keep one in your locked file cabinet
  3. Give copies to each member of your ERT, your attorney and executor of your personal will.

In addition to the "Instructions for the ERT," it is important to think through, in advance, how you want your clients to be informed of unanticipated temporary or permanent absences. The last thing one ought to have to think about when in crisis is what to put in a letter for clients. So, draft a letter now. Feel free to use any or all of the samples on the next page.

The 3-Step Quick Plan of Action

If you are not ready to make a complete plan yet, don't let it stop you from getting started. Complete just the following three steps and you will be far along the path.

  1. Choose three colleagues to cover your practice in your absence.
  2. Fill out the sample forms at the end of this article.
  3. Write out how your Bridge Therapist and ERT can find essential client contact information.

Viola! You have practiced what you preach about good self care! You have prepared for and protected your colleagues, clients and family from unnecessary trauma when you are gone. You have planned ahead for everyone's peace of mind. They will appreciate it more than can be imagined.

Conclusion

Reading this article is a step toward dealing with one of the more difficult aspects of being a therapist. Merely considering these issues is deserving of a healthy dose of self-congratulations, and once you've completed the ERT preparations, you might consider formally recognizing your effort with some kind of celebration. After all, the challenging work you've done has built a quality safety net for you and your clients.

The samples on the next page are designed for you to copy and paste into your word processor where you can make modifications that meet your specific needs. Feel free to copy the following materials onto a clearly labeled document. Fields which need your attention are identified by "angle brackets" (<>). Fields which are in italics provide instructions to you. Underlined fields identify information which you must provide. To fill in your information, highlight the entire field, i.e. <name/address/telephone>, then type in your information.

Download Forms and Letters: For your convenience, these forms may also be downloaded here.

FORMS and SAMPLE LETTERS

EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM PREPARATION PACKAGE

Memo to ERT
You may want to write a sample outgoing answering machine message for the Bridge Therapist. Example:

You have reached the office of <Therapist's Name>. You may or may not have heard that your therapist is ill. My name is <Covering therapist>, <Therapist's Name> has asked me to handle her professional affairs in her absence. If you would like to speak with me in person or would like further information or help, please call me at <phone number>. Thank you.

Sample Letters to Executor and Attorney
Date_______

Dear Executor and or Attorney,

Thank you for helping with these matters. Enclosed please find a copy of my Blueprint for Therapeutic Continuity. In addition you will find a copy of my malpractice insurance information. If it is necessary to protect my estate in the event of legal action arising after my death, please contact each insurance company with whom I have a policy to arrange for additional coverage. Please be sure to bill my estate for your time and any other expenses that you incur in executing these instructions.

With many thanks,

____________________________
                  <signature>

Sample Memos and Letters to your ERT
Include two letters in draft form that can be mailed to clients if you are incapacitated or have died unexpectedly. It is best to prepare these letters while you are in good health, rather than waiting for an emergency. Take a few minutes to write some notes about the amount and type of information you routinely disclose to your clients. This will help them in deciding what to tell clients when they call to cancel your appointments. For example, if you routinely tell all your clients where you are going on vacation and have family photographs in your office, you may want your ERT to give more detailed information about the reasons for your absence than if you have a more analytic approach to self- disclosure.

The following forms are intended to be used as samples. Please make modifications that take into account your personal and professional situation as well as the relevant state laws and regulations.

In The Event Of My Unexpected Absence From Clinical Practice:

Date ______

Dear Client,

If you receive this letter, it is because I have become temporarily incapacitated and am unable to call you myself. <Covering therapist> , has mailed this letter, using my stationery, in accordance with an agreement we made in <Month, year> . If you are currently in therapy with me, regretfully, this letter is to let you know that I am unable at present, <either to continue my psychotherapy practice or keep any further appointments>. <Covering therapist> , will be handling my clinical practice. Please cal

Transition Into Sports Psychology

Coming Home to Sports Psychology

Sports involvement has been an integral part of my life since childhood. As a psychologist, the transition of my private practice work and teaching at University of California, Berkeley, to include sports psychology has been a natural process. When searching for a dissertation topic 18 years ago, I had considered studying marathon runners but instead chose a "practical" topic, employee assistance programs. Interestingly enough, both these areas of interest were directly impacted by my childhood experiences.

As a child, I participated in a wide array of sports and grew up in a corporate family that was often moved to different locations in the United States. Sports became a mainstay for meeting and establishing relationships wherever we lived. Sports became a familiar and comfortable venue for connection. I participated in such sports as swimming, golf, equestrian, canoeing, tennis, and badminton. In elementary school, I competed in hunter jumper events with horses. As a high school student, I played on both the tennis and badminton teams. Entering high school in the sixties, I encountered resistance from my parents to participate in non-traditional women's sports. I tried out for the school's first girls cross country team, which I was asked to join but my parents didn't allow me to participate in. Their (mostly my mother's) rationale was that the sport wasn't ladylike. I particularly thought of this as I was running the Western States 100-mile race across the Sierras in 1993. As you might imagine, sports have become an integral part of my life as an adult. Thus in the last several years as I've shifted the focus of my practice to include a greater sports orientation, I've felt a sense of coming home.

Building a Practice

Working with both active and injured athletes, I've seen individuals from such sports as running, track and field, cycling, golf, tennis, and equestrian events, to name a few. In order to begin the shift to working with more sports-oriented clientele, I started brainstorming about ways to promote my sports psychology services and selected several directions to take. Since I myself have been a runner for over 20 years, I first reached out to the running community to offer my sports psychology expertise. For several years, I initially volunteered my time and worked with the cross-country and track and field teams with San Francisco City College. I knew the coach through my personal involvement and suggested this pro bono service to him. He had me speak at an afternoon meeting with his track and field team and immediately seized upon the value of sports psychology. In addition, I joined the Association for the Advancement of Sports Psychology (the major association of sport psychology professionals) and began attending their conferences. In addition, I approached my boss at the University of California, Berkeley Extension where I had been teaching in the Alcohol and Drug Studies Program since 1986 and suggested offering an Introduction to Sports Psychology Class that I still teach.

When I did my first doctoral internship at Cal State Hayward Counseling Center in 1982-83, I was lucky to obtain supervision with Dr. Betty Wenz, one of the grandmothers of the sports psychology movement. Dr. Wenz was instrumental teaching me about basic sports psychology principles and brought me along to assist in some of her work with synchronized swimmers. She also gave me guidance about the fundamental skills essential for providing thorough and competent sport psychology services as well as the specific areas of knowledge that I needed to acquire and develop. The next two years of internships were in places where I could build my repertoire of skills that built a foundation for later application of sports psychology principles. I learned about using biofeedback for managing stress and promoting intervention/performance enhancement as well as the extensive use of cognitive-behavioral techniques. Also, training in group dynamics helped assist in working with team sports and a general knowledge of the physiology of sports was essential. In addition to the specific clinical training, each psychologist needs to have a intimate and complete understanding, knowledge, and appreciation of sports and athletes, whether it be recreational, competitive, or elite level, when working with athletes.

Working with Athletes

When dealing directly with athletes, you may need to be flexible by varying your work settings when doing individual sessions or presenting to groups or teams. Often, I've presented in gyms, playing fields, parks in the howling wind, or even gone out to where the individual athlete is competing to get a look at their appearance while they are directly involved in practice or competition. One factor that I usually emphasize is that the primary focus of our work will be on the mental skills applicable to the sport and not the technical skills that is the domain of their coaches.

An example of one client whom I worked with was an accomplished Iron Man–level triathlete who appeared to be intimidated at the prospect of running the Western States 100-mile race even though she had fully trained for the event relatively pain- and injury-free. Upon reviewing her past accomplishments, recalling previous successful performances, and connecting the feelings and thoughts associated with them, she was able to regain her sense of self confidence, and have a great time at Western States with the successful completion of the race in 26+ hours.

Another client was a older scratch golfer who was considering retiring from his current job and playing golf professionally. He had been plagued for years by his short game (particularly putting). In gathering information about his current approach, we discovered that when he approached putting he powered into it just as he did his long game (irons and woods on the fairway). He often thought about putts just like long 250-yard drives down the freeway. He thought: Power! Power! Power! We worked on changing his thoughts toward putting as more of a mental strategy–driven rather than a power-driven part of the game. His new thought: Contain and Direct! Needless to say, this took focus and concentration even to adjust to the differences in the game, which also helped him improve.

Training Requirements

As you might have noticed, I've referred several times to psychologists working with athletes. This is due primarily to the criteria that the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sports Psychology has established. They require a doctoral degree as part of their criteria for becoming a certified consultant. The general feeling is that the skills lie within the scope of an individual trained at this level. A large number of sports psychology professionals work within academic or organizational settings and are involved in both applied and research work. They view sports psychology as a specialty for doctoral-level therapists only who must have the aforementioned skills and training as well as enthusiasm, excitement, and a positive manner toward athletes.

Sport psychology is an exciting area of specialty that is in a period of new and challenging growth. Part of our task as sports psychology professionals is to educate the public about the usefulness and applicability of our skills for athletes of every caliber. To further educate yourself about "fitness," you might utilize University of California, Berkeley Extension's offerings in Fitness or even take the Introduction to Sports Psychology class next spring. In addition, to learn more about the Association for Applied Sports Psychology, you can go to their web site at www.aaasponline.org and possibly attend their next conference which is in Nashville, Tennessee in late September.

A Few Simple Questions

"I am going to ask you a few simple questions. Do not be concerned. Just try to answer them to the best of your ability.

First of all, could you tell me the name of this place where you are now?"

I responded that the places
where a person was,
were mere constructs
of coincidence and arbitrary
designation,
and that where I was now
was safely ensconced within my own
head,
where I was expected to remain,
observantly,
as all the other places in the
world
faded away
during my silently whispered
departure for a
non-place.

"Could you tell me what day of the week it is, and the date today?

The days of the week have been voided
for those who have retired,
and months only count for those
who pay bills and receive
checks
——or watch the lunar
progression.
As for the year,
we recall only our first birthday,
and we anticipate that date which
will be chiseled into the stone
commemorating our last.
The rest only count for those foolish enough
to still play the game
of caring.

"Could you tell me my name, please?"

I could not have told you your name
at a time when it still made
a difference to me.

Now it not only makes no difference,
but it is clearer
that the process of naming only
serves to obscure
the essence of
personhood,
which I am more aware of
as labels
and their declensions
drop away
from all that matters.

"Now I am going to tell you some proverbs, and ask you to say what they mean to you. O.K.?"

"A rolling stone gathers no moss."

In fact, all stones gather moss.
For it is
that all objects which roll
encounter resistance
which some call friction,
and friction depletes momentum,
eventually causing them to come
to rest———
and to gather moss,
which is the life and universal
anodyne
which softens and obscures
the oblivion
ultimately embracing
us all.

"A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. What does that mean to you?"

A bird in the hand
is never the equal
of two in the bush,
for Platonic ideals exist beyond
our external vision,
flying freely through the rarified
ether
of imagination
into the creative skies
of our psyches,
and even into the mysterious
storms beyond the
edges
of our power.

"People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones."

This is a strange and paradoxical
notion.
For those who are courageous
and confident enough
to permit themselves transparency
before the hostile
universe,
should also be vigorous
and bold enough
to engage it in worthy combat,
and to defend the beauty
of transparency,
and that which lies within the
open gates
of candor and
revelation.

(into a dictating machine) "Orientation as to time, place and person are severely impaired. Abstracting ability is non-existent. In its place we find intellectualization, digression, and idiosyncratic, personalistic, rambling misinterpretations verging on delusion. There is grandiosity as well as evidence of melancholia."

(soliliquoy)
All in all,
the questions were simplistic,
and the questioner was moralistic,
opinionated,
culture-bound to the most
prosaic formulas,
possessed limited imagination,
was quite presumptuous,
and fairly boring.
He asked the same set of questions
for days on end,
perseverating to a degree which
suggested neuronal vacuities,
and I had the impression that he felt
some power
over me,
causing me to wonder if he has
the same delusive debility
which afflicts most people's
relationship with the universe  

Tyranny of Niceness: A Psychotherapeutic Challenge

For many people, niceness is the accepted way of being and interacting. In this article I express the view that rather than facilitating psychological and relational health, niceness stands in the way of personal satisfaction and healthy relating. This formulation of niceness in which I outline its inherent conflict with authenticity is useful for working with some people who present for psychotherapy with depression, anxiety, addictions and relationship difficulties, problems not typically associated with the tyranny of niceness.

From Niceness to Authenticity

Personal experiences often provide psychotherapists with insights that are useful in our work with clients. Such is the way my conceptualization of niceness got its start. There was a long period in my life when I accepted that I was a nice person. I had buried the more testy aspects of my personality, at least outside the privacy of my home, in the hope that I would be accepted by everyone I met. It didn't work. After years of this behavior there were still people I was unable to win over with my smile and silence. Worse, I was losing the ability to express my thoughts and feelings. With increased frequency I began to experience anxiety before I spoke.

My silence grew, as did my discomfort with the person I was becoming. There was a black hole in my existence, an interruption of my authenticity that manifested in a real disconnection between what I felt and thought and what I said. And the more I prevented myself from voicing my authentic thoughts and feelings the more I lost opportunities to hone the skills of honest, direct expression delivered in ways that are kind and respectful of the other person. “When I did speak, my words were often fueled by anger—appearing as irritation, sarcasm, impatience—that blanketed a fear of rejection.”

Through self-reflection and observations of others I made the connection between silencing/suppressing my authenticity and being nice. Later, I saw that the connection applied to many of my clients. I saw the same patterns: suppression of thoughts and feelings, deep wishes for acceptance with a concomitant fear of rejection or judgment, anxiety, depression, and erupting frustration. These features were bound together by guilt, shame and fear.

To be nice is to silence aspects of one's authenticity. Niceness means giving up honesty in relationships because entrenched fear of judgment or disapproval overrides the inclination to be forthright. The nice person speaks and acts in ways that he or she believes will guarantee approval or at least not elicit disapproval. “I have learned that degrees of niceness are not possible since silence does not exist in degrees, but this does not mean that rude and disrespectful behavior—which is what one may think is the only substitute for being nice—is acceptable.” On the contrary, openness and honesty delivered with respect and kindness is the healthy alternative to oppressive, silencing niceness.

How did we get to be so nice?

Children are not born nice. Far from it, infants are noisy and demanding. Children are taught to be nice as the way to get along with other people. The essence of niceness training is obedience to authority. The first teachers are parents but the message is supported and promoted by our educational and religious institutions, by our legal and medical systems, and by governments. Thus, niceness supports the status quo. This social organization may facilitate a subdued and acquiescent, if tightly wound, society where people are accepted for the face they present to the world, but compliance does not guarantee contentment, good relationships, empathy for other people or recognition of our individuality.

In the interest of promoting niceness as a primary method of social interaction something is lost, and that is the expression of honest and authentic thoughts and feelings.
“As parents are teaching niceness they do not always realize they are also teaching their children to silence their authentic thoughts and feelings.” In all likelihood they would be appalled at the idea that they were doing such a thing but at a loss to know how to change their methods.

A great deal of the niceness training occurs incidentally (I provide an example of this later in the article) but some is direct, a clear message: be a nice girl, be a good boy, share your toys (even though the children may not understand what it means to share), be seen and not heard, don't cry, what will anyone think? When parents apply the teaching consciously, they regard it as a way of encouraging children to become cooperative adults. Their intentions are the best: they want their offspring to be accepted and since acceptance is a universal desire and need, this seems like a good idea. The difficulty arises in the tension that exists between our wishes both for acceptance and an appreciation of our differentness.

Niceness as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool

At the simplest level of understanding, niceness is a way of silencing ourselves that keeps us out of touch with our authentic thoughts and feelings. When it is engaged as our way of relating to others it prevents us from speaking with openness and honesty, thus silencing our words or hampering our ability to act in our own best interests if that means possible conflict or disapproval. In order to spot the identifying features that signify deep disconnections that are typical of niceness, one must understand the language of niceness. “Niceness is a language of apology and politeness, ubiquitous and therefore familiar, as is any social norm, and it is a powerful deterrent to authentic relating, a mechanism of distancing rather than connection.”

You may have already noticed the language or even the behavioral difficulties of niceness but had no framework for understanding its implications for your clients. Maybe you have a client who can't say "no" or goes overboard to please people even when it is inconvenient or unnecessary. Maybe the client secretly fears the judgments of others and agrees with them rather than expressing an opinion that might be controversial. You might have noticed that in therapy the client seems too compliant, is too careful of your feelings, talks about parents who advocated that children be seen and not heard, or mouths clichés such as "you've got to keep a stiff upper lip." Maybe the client avoids confrontation and defers decision making to others. Your client thinks these concessions are necessary to facilitate relationships. Your client wends his or her way through life feeling burdened by, but compliant with, authority figures. He or she withholds honest expression for fear of offending anyone, then feels like a doormat.

In my private psychotherapy practice I have found that niceness is expressed, as well, through certain common interactions that function as a disguise covering up the inclination for self-silencing of authentic thoughts and feelings. These are the alarm bells that awaken the therapist to the presence of niceness:

  • False altruism: I didn't want to hurt his feelings so I didn't tell him I wanted to break up; I told her the dress looked nice rather than say what I really think.
  • Rationalizations: I knew my opinion wouldn't make a difference anyway; somebody said it better than I could have.
  • Submissiveness: It was easier for me to just do it/agree/accept what was offered or proposed than to protest or disagree or ask for something else.Over- or under-acceptance of responsibility: Doing too much or, in contrast, avoidance.
  • Self-disempowerment: He was good to me most of the time, between beatings, so I couldn't leave.

When these hallmark behaviors appear in therapy it is a signal for you to probe more deeply, to first identify the behaviors such as false altruism that signal a problem, then identify the link between their silence, niceness and the relevant underlying emotions such as fear, shame or guilt. For example, in probing you might ask questions like these:

  • Why was it so important to avoid hurting another person's feelings that you would be dishonest? Was there anything you feared for yourself if you told the truth?
  • Are there events in your past that have led you to believe your opinion would not have made a difference?
  • What do you think would happen if you were to protest?
  • What would happen if you left work for home at the time stated in your job contract?
  • What is the fear that keeps you from leaving your (abusive) relationship?

Delving into stories from the past in which the significant teachers of niceness are unearthed, whether they are specific people or incidents, can lead to a deeper understanding of the ways that particular aspects of relating came to be problematic for the client. A good example is Brad's story.

Learning to be Nice: Brad's Story

Niceness is taught both directly and indirectly. The inadvertent ways it is taught and, thus, the incidental ways it is learned are illustrated by the story of my client Brad.

Brad was in his mid-thirties and working in therapy to resolve a lifetime of pleasing people at great emotional costs to him. Initially, he presented in a deep depression after the woman he felt was the love of his life broke off their relationship. In the course of exploring his past, he told a story from his childhood that had etched itself into his psyche.

One day, when he was five years old, his mother brought him a coloring book as a gift. Brad was thrilled until he opened it up and saw that it was a color-by-number book. “"I don't like this book," he declared."The numbers make the pictures look bad."” Upon hearing his words, his mother became upset, started to cry, and left the room. His father, who had witnessed the scene, scolded him.

"Look what you've done now," the father chided. Horrified, Brad picked up his crayons and began to color furiously. After a time his mother returned to the room.

"Look Mommy," he said, holding his work up for her to see, "I really like this book now."

Brad's devastation at his mother's reaction was heightened by his father's stern chiding. What could this little boy do to calm the powerful feelings of anxiety inside him but express the behavior that was so clearly expected? He colored in the book he did not like hoping that the terrible hurt he had inflicted on his mother would be relieved. He needed his mother and panicked when she left him in tears without reassuring him. He regretted that by telling her what he thought, he had hurt her and chased her out of the room where she was not available to him.

Brad had learned one lesson in being nice: to silence his opinion about gifts he received if he was not happy with them. At a deeper level, he learned that his words might chase away someone he needs and that he must suppress words he really means to keep the person with him. At the time of the incident Brad was too young to know that the problem was his parents', not his, and that his mother's problems determined her reaction to Brad, as did his father's. When Brad came for psychotherapy he still held the belief that he was the one who had been wrong—wrong to say what he really felt about the coloring book. That belief became generalized for Brad and still determined his response to situations that presented any threat of emotional abandonment.

Had Brad's parents been more able, they would have encouraged him to express his preferences without fear of recrimination or losing them. “In psychotherapy, this is the task of the therapist: to encourage the expression of thoughts and feelings without fear of recrimination or loss, and with appropriate, illuminating discussion to replace fear with the assurance that the client will continue to survive even when he or she expresses authentic thoughts and feelings.” This discussion can proceed in a cognitive way, addressing mistaken beliefs of helplessness in adulthood that originated earlier in life, and identifying the resources now available to the client that were not available as a child when the disabling view was learned and entrenched. Of equal importance is the therapist's ability to identify, contain and help dissipate the fear, shame and guilt that will emerge during the discussion.

With Brad I worked on dispelling his belief that his mother cried and left the room solely because of his comment. Even though, as an adult, he understood that his mother was troubled and that his comment was merely a catalyst, his childlike omnipotent belief that he was to blame was resilient and sprang into action unbidden at times of stress. His response was to be sure he did not repeat the type of event that had devastated him, inadvertently creating a new problem. Coupled with this was his enduring guilt at hurting his mother and his shame at needing her so much, replayed in his adult relationships. (This one incident was symbolic of other events and experiences in his life, yet much emotion and pain had crystallized around this event.)

Often the adult manifestations of problems with niceness appear most painfully in intimate relationships. Brad told me about a weekend away with his lover Jane, with whom he began a relationship while in therapy, that describes this well. At her invitation he had flown to Washington where she had business. She had work to do but they planned to spend a full day together visiting the Smithsonian Institute during the weekend. By Sunday, the last day of their three-day weekend, they had spent almost no time together and Jane had another appointment that morning. As she left the hotel room she said she would be back in two hours and they would go then to the Smithsonian.

Brad waited… and waited. He ate breakfast and read a newspaper in the hotel lobby. He ate lunch and continued to wait. Jane called after she'd been away three hours to say she'd be another half-hour.

“The bellman and Brad were beginning to establish a relationship. "Brad," said the bellman,"you are one patient dude."”

An hour later Jane called saying, again, that she would be there in a half-hour. Brad weighed the possibility of going to the museum alone and meeting her there but the logistics seemed too complicated and he continued to wait. When Jane finally arrived there was no possibility of going to the museum because they had only two hours before heading to the airport. Jane was apologetic and Brad was forgiving, but later that week he told her he felt he needed the freedom to see other women. As we explored the feelings he had as he waited for Jane that day, Brad commented,"I've got to stop being Mr. Nice Guy. People just walk all over me. I should have gone on my own when she didn't arrive at the time she originally promised."

Brad was full of anger at Jane but wanted to preserve the relationship and so he covered his anger by being silent. Unfortunately, his behavior did not achieve the intended goal. The relationship ended soon after this incident and Brad never told Jane that he was angry at her failure either to keep her promise to him or let him know that she could not keep her promise. If it had been the first time she had kept him waiting it may not have been so upsetting, but this had been part of the pattern of their relationship. Brad could have released himself from the bondage of waiting had he not been such a"nice guy." It is worth noting that his niceness did not save the relationship. It is also worth noting that Jane made promises, called, and apologized. In this instance, at least, she wore a mask of niceness, too nice to admit she would not be available to him in a misguided attempt to avoid Brad's judgment or be the one to disappoint.

In our discussions of the weekend and other incidents in his life I often referred to the coloring book incident to remind him of the fear that kept him hamstrung. It became clear that a layer of profound anxiety was activated in any situation that even hinted at the possibility of abandonment such as he experienced with his mother that day. I helped him find examples from his experiences that showed he was capable of understanding situations in different ways and that, no longer dependent on his parents for his survival, he had agency and choice to determine his own course in life. “The coloring book incident became a signifier of all that he shrouded with his niceness: the fear, anxiety and guilt, and the utter helplessness he felt when under threat.” It also became a marker by which he could remind himself of the emotional progress he had made as he learned to master difficult situations.

Brad's is a powerful lesson in learning to be compliant with parent/authority figures and the impact on later relationships. But how powerful is niceness with its implicit obedience to external and internalized authority figures, really? Growing from childhood to adulthood we learn the lessons that turn us into people who have lost touch with what it means to live authentic lives and to relate with honesty. As adults, we call up niceness as needed, without conscious effort. We say or do the nice thing as if it were our nature to do so. The behavior—to silence our opinions, protests, and feelings and instead comply with the situational or internalized authority—is automatic.

Authority Pressure to Be Nice: Terry's Story

Terry's story is a good example of just how powerful this cultural silencing into social compliance can be. Terry, 43 years old, reinforced for me the power of the physicians' words. She had been taking antidepressant medication for a long time but felt ambivalent about it. She was also in psychotherapy, had made good progress with her depression and had been working on relationship issues that had troubled her for years. Even though she was feeling much better, the physician who prescribed the medication advised her to continue with it through the winter and then return to him for advice about weaning off, a process that he said must be slow.

Three days before Christmas Terry ran out of the pills and did not renew the prescription. By Christmas Eve she was experiencing symptoms—heart palpitations and anxiety—and on Christmas Day she sought out a pharmacy hoping to get even one pill to carry her through to the next day when her usual pharmacy was open. The pharmacist she found cooperated and gave her a small supply of the medicine. Terry left the store, got into her car and swallowed a pill using saliva to wash it down. It was only halfway down her throat when her symptoms disappeared.

Of course, it is not possible for such a pill to be effective so quickly, and Terry knew that. As we explored the possible reasons for her remarkable recovery she said it was her doctor's words—his cautions about staying on the antidepressants over the winter and weaning off them gradually—that had the greatest impact on her. She believed she should not have disobeyed the doctor and her recovery was a direct result of re-compliance with his instructions, not of taking the pill. This phenomenon suggests that the symptoms were a product of her guilt about her disobedience. A short time after this event Terry decided to stop taking her medication and did so, at a slowed pace. The insight she gained gave her the strength to discuss difficult issues with her husband. “She told him her secret, a secret she held during their entire 15 years of marriage: that she had not wanted to be married but felt pressured to go through with the wedding.” When she risked talking with him about what she really felt, her deep shame and guilt lifted and she was able to begin moving forward in her life. Her marriage remained intact and her relationship with her husband improved. The strain of her long-harbored secret shame was gone and no longer distorted the relationship.

Terry's experience underscores what any good psychotherapist knows: that the words of an authority figure carry a lot of weight, for better or worse, for the people whose lives they touch. Because of their special position in our culture, physicians must speak with care and never underestimate the impact of their words on patients. The same applies to psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, counselors or anyone working with a vulnerable client. We need to be realistic about the power our positions hold in the minds of the people we treat, positional power that is deeply embedded in our social structure. In full awareness of this aspect of the professional-client relationship, we must practice with caution and compassion.

One of the most important things professionals can do is encourage their clients' search for personal wisdom with words and actions to give them a forum for expression. For this to be possible we must always question the tacit messages we are sending. Clients who have experienced abuse as children are especially vulnerable in therapy and we must pay close attention to their responses to us whether they are compliant or reactive.

Dangers of Niceness: Lisa's Story

Niceness creates difficulties relating in all kinds of relationships and the results can be profound and hurtful. Sometimes it puts people in dangerous situations, especially children.

Lisa, for example, was a 38-year-old professor when she first came to see me. She presented for psychotherapy when her mother's illness and death left her in a deep depression. As we worked through her grief it became clear that its depth had been exacerbated by events that had taken place much earlier. Her mother's death brought her face to face with a problem that had long been buried in the person of her stepfather, who survived her mother. Her parents separated when she was four years old and her mother married another man soon afterwards. This man, Mr. P., was the one she knew as her father because her biological father was not a participant in her life. Her mother and stepfather had had a difficult marriage beset by several separations. During one of these separations, when she was about 12 years old, her stepfather negotiated with her mother to have Lisa stay with him for a weekend at his cabin in the north. Lisa did not hesitate because she had spent some good times with him. Preparing for bed the first night of the weekend she noticed that Mr. P. had made up a bed only in the main bedroom.

"Where am I going to sleep?"she asked him.

"Right here,"came the reply. He patted the bed. Lisa was startled. She was bothered by the thought that she would be sleeping in the same bed with him. Yet Mr. P. was the only father she had known and she trusted him. He had taught her to ride her bicycle, stayed with her when her mother was working, cooked for her, helped her with her homework and sometimes cuddled with her. All the same, she felt uncomfortable with the sleeping arrangement.

As a 12-year-old adolescent, Lisa was obedient to the authorities in her life. That night at the cabin she did what she was taught to do: She remained quiet rather than question Mr. P. or insist on sleeping in another room by herself. She climbed into bed with him despite her feeling that something was not right about the arrangement. That night, he molested her.

When children are being nice they are attempting to keep themselves safe by pleasing others—in most cases the adults or older children in authority. They are remaining obedient, as they have been taught. When children who are most affected by the oppressiveness of niceness find themselves in situations such as Lisa's they are unable to protect themselves because the mechanisms of protection have been distorted by the message of niceness. Their ability to act on the feelings they experience when something seems wrong has been impaired because those feelings have been overridden by messages of propriety. Acting on their own initiative when it is in conflict with the authorities in their lives has never been encouraged. They either fear disciplinary action or, like Brad with his coloring book, are afraid they'll hurt their parents' feelings and risk their disapproval or abandonment.

When we teach children to be nice or, more precisely, “when we teach children to substitute obedience and niceness for their own intuitive wisdom, we render them incapable of trusting their sense of danger in situations where they may need to run from exploiters wearing masks, often personae that mimic niceness.” The sexual abuse that has been exposed in recent years bears horrifying witness to this truth. Boys have been unable to tattle on the helpful and befriending coach at the hockey arena who molested them. Indeed, the word "tattletale" is meant to silence. Hundreds of children have been molested by priests whom they were taught to respect and obey. It is a feat that very few children can accomplish: to protect themselves when the natural inclination to detect danger and act on that inclination has been socialized out of them. This is especially true when danger comes in the form of either a friendly or an authoritarian adult.

For Lisa, exploring widely in the wake of her mother's death led to her disclosure of sexual abuse and the profound impact of niceness in her life. I helped her make links between the abuse and her current relationship, and that which she had never faced, her difficulty accepting that the man she wanted to marry might very well be trustworthy. Previously, she had unnecessarily found many reasons to distance herself from him, including her bereavement. Also, Lisa was often inhibited and, in particular, found directness on a personal level more difficult. She made jokes to cover her anxiety and was quick to tears. Working with her on understanding the impact of her past and its impact on her present life allowed her to be more assertive and direct in standing up for herself and getting her needs met in a healthy way.

Using the Concept of Niceness in Psychotherapy

Many nice people who present themselves in therapy do not know that niceness is a problem. They tell the therapist about their partners, about being anxious or depressed or unable to control their tempers with their spouses, about stress-related health problems, about their addictions to substances or electronic diversions, and they talk about other self-soothing ways that dominate their private lives. Even though they may give lip service to authenticity, they do not realize what it means to be out of touch, to be inauthentic. They are unaware of the behaviors that keep them distanced from their loved ones: the refusal to admit feelings, to ask hard questions or simply be transparent and honest. They do not grasp the depth and breadth of the effect on them of being nice and expecting the niceness of others, that is, being inauthentic and expecting—even tacitly encouraging—the inauthenticity of others.

They have never thought that being nice was anything but beneficial even though from time to time they may blurt out, "I've got to stop being so nice!" They do not recognize the links between niceness and shame, guilt and fear. Niceness, when introduced to them, may seem like a trite concept, but as the layers are explored that misconception is dashed.

As a result of the training to be nice and concomitant lack of training to express difficult thoughts and feelings, people suppress and endure, often with serious impact on their health and relationships. If they release the resulting pressure it is often away from the eyes of those with whom they feel most vulnerable. For some this will mean hiding true feelings from a romantic partner. For others it may mean pleasing an employer beyond reasonable expectations. Or it may mean shallow relationships with parents, siblings, or friends. They may release the resulting tension in intermittent angry explosions, and abrupt shifts of mood or sarcasm with deleterious impact on relationships and self-esteem.

In hindsight Brad knew what he had to do that day in Washington, to avoid falling into the trap of silencing his needs. He had to act on his sense of what was right in the situation, which was to go ahead to the museum on his own. Instead, he silenced himself by failing to act. As it happens so often, in that moment he was emotionally the child again, caught up in his fear that he would lose someone important to him. As we talked it was clear he knew what he could have done, to simply tell Jane he would go on his own if she was delayed and meet him there if she could. I asked what prevented him from acting in his own best interests, but he was mystified. I reminded him of the words he had uttered several times in sessions: "I've got to stop being Mr. Nice Guy." He'd spoken the words but thrown away the insight, like an actor flubbing his best lines. He was, at that time, too nice to act from his inner wisdom so he silenced his wishes and his intuitive sense of what was right for him. But that didn't stop the anger that continued to bubble and fester beneath the surface compliance. His anger was more acceptable than the shame he endured for feeling so needy and helpless that day.

Brad's dilemma illuminates the aspect of character development that must be supported in therapy if clients are to give up niceness and become more authentic in their relationships. They must be helped to find their own wisdom and then supported to accept, trust and act on it despite their fears of disapproval, rejection or abandonment, or the guilt and self-hatred they have accumulated as they have yielded their lives to niceness. They must be helped through the intense anxiety that accompanies new, risk-taking behavior that touches on a deep human fear—isolation.

“One way to assist clients' progress is to identify an occasion when they did act on their inner wisdom, and ask them to describe the event in full detail, focusing on the emotions that accompanied it.” They will very likely talk about anxiety and fear occurring at the onset of the event and a sense of calm or even slight euphoria at its completion. These emotions and the progress through them can be conceptualized as a memory template to be applied to new situations in order to mitigate regression into niceness and facilitate movement into more authentic behavior. The therapist can encourage the client to remember the event and the progress through it when he or she feels paralyzed in new, threatening situations, cautioning that the hoped-for change may require many attempts.

Nice children grow into adults who share a serious deficit—no language for the honest expression of thought in a way that others can receive. As a small test, try helping a client express an honest reaction to a partner's request for a comment on a less-than-flattering new garment. More often than not, I have watched as beads of sweat form, hands flail or are wrung, bodies shift in the chair and gasps of frustration emanate from their wordless mouths, capped with the comment, "This is really hard." “Near-panic sets in at the thought of being honest because they cannot perceive of a way of being honest yet kind.” Beneath the altruistic responses, they often fear being seen as too critical or rude. Emotionally they feel they are destroying someone close to them, whose presence they need if only to maintain their own sense of being accepted. Although everyone makes judgments, large and small all the time, people feel they are "judging" and that they are disentitled to do so because they fear being isolated and judged themselves.

A great deal of anxiety accompanies attempts to express unsayable but honest thoughts and feelings. This is to be expected, so the psychotherapist can be prepared for it and offer empathic support for any attempt the client makes. The therapist can normalize the anxiety as something that occurs any time we undertake to change some familiar part of ourselves, especially when change involves interactions with other people or the forfeiting of some comfort-giving, though debilitating, behavior.

The therapist might ask the client for examples when the client was able to be successful with a new behavior. Extrapolating from those, the therapist can offer and explore examples of sentences that might be used, as if the client is learning a new language, checking to be sure the client can imagine himself saying the words. Together therapist and client can create a language of honesty and authenticity that is delivered with kindness. So, rather than say "that's nice" because he doesn't want to say what he thinks—that his partner looks fat in her new dress—the client can try a new approach. He might think about a conversation he's overheard in which someone else was honestly expressing a critique that was well received. He can attempt to understand the tone that was used and the phrasing. He may practice saying, with a kind tone, things like "I think the dress is a good color for you (if it is) but the cut is not so flattering."

As part of this process, the client must be helped to get a clear understanding of his own feelings, to explore his own reactions to critiques, his feelings of attraction to his partner especially if they have changed, and any other feelings he may bring to such a situation. Ultimately, he may not say exactly what the partner expects to hear but she will know she can depend on him to say what he means (and it may validate what she secretly thinks). Through this process in therapy he will understand much better the extent to which he has silenced himself and the fear and anxiety that have contributed to the silence, and he will become more comfortable putting authentic words into his own mouth.

In summary, the psychotherapist uses the following types of interventions, bearing in mind the need to be a gentle but appropriately challenging and authentic presence.

  • Notice the alarm behaviors alerting to the presence of niceness and its silencing.
  • Explore feelings that underlie the silencing.
  • Delve into the history to identify the events and messages that promoted niceness.
  • Find optional ways of relating that express an authentic position. Using specific situations, identify client strengths and previous success stories.
  • Practice new ways—new language—for expressing the authentic position.

Niceness Fails to Live Up to its Reputation

Children are dependent on adults in their lives for their survival. They have been taught that pleasing adults is important and that displeasing adults brings unpleasant consequences. As therapists we can help clients who retain and act from this fear to learn to say "no," something that is often discouraged in childhood. With the therapist's help, clients can learn to honor their own internal—not internalized and feared—authority. Sometimes that means clients will need support to say "no" to the therapist.

“Niceness fails to live up to its reputation. It does not make relationships easier, does not guarantee a stamp of approval nor improve the quality of life.” On the contrary, niceness often causes confusion in relationships because of the dishonesty implicit in suppressing one's authentic thoughts and feelings. Being nice increases one's sense of alienation from oneself, by far the harshest consequence of all. Niceness detracts from one's quality of life by contributing to health and addiction problems that are an outgrowth of stressful internal conflicts. In contrast, any difficulties that occur in achieving the essential honesty of authentic acts and speech are overridden by the internal calm that prevails in its wake.

At the same time, moving out of niceness into authenticity can provoke anxiety, especially before the first benefits have been savored. Attempts by clients to accomplish this change are to be honored. It is a pleasure to witness them moving on in their lives as they stop second-guessing themselves, as they rid themselves of debilitating fear, shame and guilt, and start living openly and with dignity.

When Psychotherapists become Nice!

Finally, I have a caveat. Therapists may realize that they are nice and that niceness is adaptive in their work. It is a requirement of the work that we exercise appropriate caution in making our responses and we are accustomed to withholding our thoughts and opinions as we weigh what is best for our clients. It may also be the case that if a therapist is too cautious it will be perceived that holding back is a good thing to do despite our words to the contrary. Therapists and clients can benefit if the therapist, acting authentically, can be spontaneous and expressive within appropriate therapeutic boundaries.

Never underestimate the impact of the cultural silencing that is niceness on the well-being of your clients. Be aware that its tentacles move insidiously into health and relationships and squeeze out authenticity. The acceptance and encouragement of niceness as a vehicle for relating renders it more destructive than you might imagine. Be aware and resist perpetuating it as you support clients to relate in honest, authentic and meaningful ways that will serve their relationships and themselves well.